The XXXVI International Scientific Symposium "Multidisciplinary Studies of the Turkish World" The 25 th of March 2023 ISBN: 978-605-72481-0-7 Eskishehir / Türkiye ---139---
FROM THE HİSTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LİBERALİSM – FREEDOM PHİLOSOPHY TO THE XVII CENTURY ENGLISH REVOLUTION İsmailov Dilgam Yunis oglu Doctor of philosophy, professor
Azərbaijan Tourizm and Management University, Azərbaycan
Orcid id: 0000-000-8084-1409
Abstract: This article deals with the roots of liberalism, which take their beginning from the old epoch
and the further ways of its development. It is shown that the idea of liberty had always made thinkers of Old
China, Greece and Rome to think about this. In the article it is also spoken about the Greek and Jewish-
Christian traditions, which gave donations to the development the idea of liberty. At the same time, here is
investigated the ways of formation and development the conception of natural rights and idea of law throughout
of Europe civilization. Here is also noted the fight between church and government, long term impeding to the
formation of absolute monarchy in the West and benefits of this fight, which helped to strengthen civil society
and develop pluralism. The article speaks about the thinkers of Renaissance, playing very important role in
widely spreading ideas of liberalism.
Key words: liberalism, pluralism, natural rights, civil society, philosophy of freedom, philosophy of
power, history.
History has so far known two philosophiers. The first is the
philosophy of freedom, and the second is
the
philosophy of power. According to the philosophy of liberty, people are free to live their own lives, and if
they respect the equal rights of others, then they consider it very necessary. Due to the wisdom of the
authorities,some people try to subjiugate others. The philosophy of power had many names, such as
Caesarism, Eastern despotism, theocracy, socialism, fascism, African socialism (a combination of
modernization and non-Marksist socialism), and the welfare state. The philosophy of freedom is also appeared
under different names. However, its supporters were united by a common line: to respect each person, his
ability to make decisions about his life, and at the same time to oppose the tendency of people to resort to
violence to achieve their desires.
The Chinese philosopher Lao-Sze, who lived in the VI century BC, can be considered the famous
liberalist. In his work “Dao de Zin – About the Way and Power” he shows that “the people are equal among
themselves without receiving orders of instructions from anyone”. Dао the concept corresponds to the theory
of spontaneous order, that is, it means the emergence of harmony as a result of competetion. Dao advises the
ruler not to interfere in people’s lives and states that rulers should not interfere in people’s lives and living
rules (Бойз, 2004: p. 31). Although the first liberal idea originated in China, in modern literature, some
researchers conditionally, they connect the beginning of liberalism mainly with the west. They mainly
associate this with the fact that the principles of freedom and rights of the individual are universal as the laws
of nature and most of those principles were discovered in the West.
There are two main traditions in Western thought, the Greek and Judeo-Christian traditions, both of
which contributed to the development of freedom. According to the Jewish religion, the people of Israel lived
without a ruler, but later they came to Samuil and asked God to send them a ruler because they needed a ruler.
At that time, when Samuil asked God to fulfill their request, the great creator answered him like this: “The
ruler I will send to you will take your sons and daughters from your hands and make them his servants, he will
take your lands, vineyards, gardens and distribute them to his servants, he will take a tenth of your crops and
cattle from your hands, and you yourselves will become his slaves. Later, when you protest against the ruler
because of this situation, God will not answer you for it” (Бойз, 2004: p. 32). The people of Israel ignored this
terrible warning and established the monarchy. This fact proves that the roots of the state do not have a divine
origin. God’s warning did not apply only to ancient Israel, it is still important in our days. Тhомаs Paine in
“Common Sense” (1776) calls the American people to war for independence and the north American colonies
to seperate from the metropolis (Əfəndiyev, 2002: s. 225). This call is based on the concept of natural law and
is reflected in the United States’ Declaration of Independence adopted on July 4, 1776. That declaration
announced the sovereignty of the people, the right to revolt against oppressive rulers, the right to create an
indepenent state and choose a political form that is in the best interests of the people. By the way, let’s note
that even though the Jews achieved the power of the ruler, they were the first nation to develop the idea that
“the ruler must obey the supreme law, because he himself is a human being”.
The natural law concept of supreme law also developed in Ancient Greece. In the V century BC, the
Greek playwright Sophocles talks about the history of Antigone in his wark “Antigone”. Antigone states that
the law established by man, even if he is the ruler, cannot violete “Divine law, natural law, unwritten firm