Contextual semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expending the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching

1. the subject is a person-modifier of the predicate;
2. the predicate,(or rather the predicative part of the sent.) is a process­ modifier of the subject;
3. the object is a substance-modifier of the predicate (actional or non­actional (processual or statal) - e.g. Rose was behind panting her gratitude);
4. the adverbial is a quality-modifier of the predicate or rather that of the processual part;
5. the attribute is a quality-modifier of a substantive part;
6. the parenthetical enclosure is a speaker-bound modifier of any sentence-part;
7. the addressing enclosure (address) is a substantive modifier of the destination of the sentence;
8. the interjectional enclosure is a speaker-bound emotional modifier of the sentence.¹²
Analyzing the sentence-constituents in terms of syntagmatic connection we may distinguish two types of functional positions: obligatory and optional. The obligatory positions make up a syntactic unit as such. As for the optional positions they are not necessary represented in the sentence. The pattern of obligatory syntactic positions is determined by the valency of the verb-predicate. In the sentence "The small boy looked at him with surprise." This pattern will be expressed by the string "The boy looked at him". The attribute "small" and the adverbial "with surprise" are the optional parts of the sentence. The sentence all the positions of which are obligatory is called an "elementary sentence" or" unexpended sentence", and it may include not only the principal parts of the sentence (the subject or the predicate) but also secondary parts, the object, for example. The sentence which includes not only the obligatory parts but also some optional parts (supplementive modifiers, such as an attribute or adverbial modifier) is called the expanded simple sentence.
The sentence-parsing scheme exposes the subordination ranks of the parts of the sentence, but it fails to present their genuine linear order in speech. This weak point of the sentence-parsing scheme is overcome in another scheme of analysis called the "patterns of immediate constituents". The patterns of immediate constituents consist in dividing the whole sentence into two groups: that of the subject and that of the predicate, which are further divided according to the successive subordinative order of the sub-groups constituents. For example, the sentence "The small boy looked at him with surprise on the upper level of analysis is looked upon as a whole; on the next level it is divided into the subject noun-phrase and the predicate verb-phrase; on the next level the subject noun-phrase is divided into the determiner and the rest of the phrase; the predicate verb-phrase is divided into the adverbial and the rest of the phrase; on the next level the noun-phrase is divided into its adjective constituent and the noun constituent; the verb-phrase is divided into its verb constituent and object pronoun-phrase; the latter is finally divided into the preposition constituent and pronoun constituent.