Contextual semantic functions of the nuclear sentence patterns in expending the communicative intention of the speaker and ways of their teaching

Subject + vt	DO
Adjective
1	We painted	the ceiling	green.
2	The sun keeps	us	warm.
3	The mud made	walking	difficult.

The DO is followed by a noun (the object complement).

№	Subject + vt	DO	Noun
1	They made	Newton	President of the Royal Society.
2	They named	the baby	Richard.
3	They usually call	him	Dick.

The DO is followed by a past participle.

№	Subject + vt	DO	Past Participle
1	You must make	your views	known.
2	Have you ever heard	this opera	sung in Italian?
3	We want	the work	finished by Saturday.

Have is used in this pattern to indicate what the subject of the sentence experiences, undergoes, or suffers, or what is held or possessed.

№	Subject+ HAVE	DO	Past Participle
1	King Charles had	his head	cut off.
2	I’ve recently had	my appendix	removed.
3	They have	scarcely any money	saved for their old age.

Have and get are used in this pattern meaning ‘cause to be’.

№	Subject+ + HAVE / GET	DO	Past Participle
1	Can we have/get	the programme	changed?
2	Please have/get	these letters	translated into English.
3	I’ll have/get	the matter	seen to.

The DO is followed by to be (often omitted) and an adjective or a noun. In spoken English (ie with a that-clause) is preferred.

№	Subject + vt	DO	(to be) + adjective/noun
1	Most people considered	him	(to be) innocent.
2	They all felt	the plan	to be unwise.
3	I’ve always found	Jonathan	friendly/a good friend.
4	In Britain we presume	a man	(to be) innocent until. he is proved guilty.

Most people consider that he was innocent is more usual.
Introductory it is used if, instead of a noun, there is a clause, infinitive phrase, etc.
Do you consider long hair for men strange?
Do you consider it strange for men to let their hair grow long?
Cf. I sent Tom to buy some fruit.
I want Tom to buy some fruit.
The infinitive is one of purpose or intended result. In the infinitive is part of the direct object.

№	Subject + vt	DO	to-infinitive
1	He brought	his brother	to see me.
2	He opened	the door	to let the cat out.
3	They left	me	to do all the dirty work.

The DO is followed by a noun introduced by as or like, or a clause introduced by as if or as though.

№	Subject + vt	DO	as/like + noun as if/though + clause
1	I can’t see	myself	as a pop singer.
2	Her parents spoilt	her	as a child.
3	He carries	himself	like a soldier.
4	You mustn’t treat	your wife	as if she were a servant.

In this pattern the verb is followed by a noun or pronoun and a to-infinitive. The noun/pronoun + to-infinitive is the object of the verb.

№	Subject + vt	noun/pronoun	(not) + to-infinitive
1	He likes	his wife	to dress colourfully.
2	They warned	us	not to be late
3	Do you want/wish	me	to stay?

In this pattern the verb is used with a noun or pronoun and a bare infinitive. The verb indicates physical perceptions. These verbs are also used in indicates completed activity and activity in progress.

№	Subject + vt	noun/pronoun	infinitive
1	Did you see/notice	anyone	leave the house?
2	We felt	the house	shake.
3	I once heard	her	sing the part of Aida.

A small number of verbs which do not indicate physical perceptions are used in this pattern. Make and let are examples. Compare force/compel and allow/permit, which are used in: Please let me go and Please allow/permit me to go.

№	Subject + vt	noun/pronoun	infinitive
1	What makes	you	think so?
2	Let	me	go!
3	I’ve never known	him	behave so badly before.

Have is used in this pattern when it means ‘wish’, ‘experience’ or ‘cause’.

№	Subject + HAVE	noun/pronoun	infinitive
1	What would you have	me	do?
2	Have	the visitors	shown in, please.
3	I had	a frightening thing	happen to me yesterday.
4	We often have	our friends	visit us on Sundays.

and

№	Subject + vt	DO	Prep.	Noun
1	We congratulated	him	on	his success.
2	Compare	the copy	with	the original.
3	He compared	the heart	to	a pump.
4	I explained	my difficulty	to	him.

Variations are possible. If the DO is long, the prepositional phrase may precede it. Introductory it may be used when there is an infinitive phrase or a clause.

№	Subject + vt	prep + noun	DO
1	I explained	to him	the impossibility of granting his request.
2	I must leave it	to your own judgment	to decide whether you should offer your resignation.

Compare:

№	Subject + vt	DO	Prep + Noun
1	I explained	the problem	to him.
2	I must leave	the decision	to you.

The DO is followed by an adverbial phrase of place, duration, distance, etc which is obligatory. ‘I read the book’ is a complete sentence, but ‘*I put the book’ is not. Put needs an adjunct, eg ‘I put the book down/away/on the shelf’. With verbs marked the adverbial is a prepositional phrase, which is variable (unlike).

№