The evolution of technology does not necessarily change many of the social and cultural broadcasting
policy objectives, but technology may change the way that they are presently implemented and may allow
for increased market liberalisation than that which has been common in the sector while allowing the core
policies to be maintained. The digitalisation of transmission, for example, enables a more efficient use of
spectrum than analogue transmission, increasing significantly the number of terrestrial broadcasting
channels which can be made available. When analogue TV signals are switched off (which in OECD
countries is expected between 2006 and 2015), a significant amount of spectrum bandwidth will be freed
DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007)2/FINAL
45
up, and will be available potentially for other applications, such as mobile television, high-definition
television, mobile broadband networks and WiMax networks.
99
Audio-visual content providers may include – in addition to traditional broadcasters – network
operators, which are usually providing digital television and content over IP networks (such as Video on
Demand) as part of their “triple play” bundles, or new service providers, such as Joost,
100
using P2P
technologies to stream content over the Internet, or YouTube, based
inter alia on user created content.
Broadcasters are also entering the IP market, launching new content platforms, such as Hulu – a
NBC/NewsCorp venture (see Table 3).
As the market for audiovisual services becomes more dynamic, content producers will be able to offer
services directly to all new markets without intermediaries or gatekeepers. With content available on new
platforms and networks, there should be lower entry barriers, and the sector could become more open and
competitive over the next years. At the same time this will bring up the issue of the need for network
neutral policy approaches, for both fixed and mobile networks, in order to avoid the creation of barriers to
access for independent service providers.
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In addition, existing government instruments to control broadcasting content – such as quotas for
protection of language and culture, pluralism requirements, or must carry obligations – are challenged by
the new multiplatform environment, and may need to be adjusted in order to continue to fulfil their goals.
Convergence not only leads to a larger and more competitive market, but also a more international
market. A globally structured market – in terms of ownership, investment, and distribution and marketing
strategies – offers an enormous potential to the media industries, but also poses new challenges to national
regulation, which may not always be compatible across borders, therefore risking to be less effective, not
enforceable, or – if excessively restrictive – to slow down growth of media players in an international
content market.
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