Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic Energy Agency United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs International Energy Agency Eurostat European Environment Agency

(c) Limitations of the Indicator: The actual value of the indicator is strongly 
influenced by a multitude of economic, social and geographical factors. 
(d) Alternative Definitions/Indicators: None. 
ASSESSMENT OF DATA 
(a) Data Needed to Compile the Indicator: Energy commodity data for production 
and use (energy balances) and mid-year population estimates. 
(b) National and International Data Availability: Energy commodity data for 
production and use, and population data are regularly available for most countries at 
the national level and for some countries at the sub-national level. Both types of data 
are compiled by and available from national statistical offices and country 
publications. 

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REFERENCES 
• IEA, various editions. Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries. Paris, 
France: International Energy Agency. 
• IEA, various editions. Energy Balances of OECD Countries. Paris, France: 
International Energy Agency. 
• IEA/OECD/Eurostat, 2004. Energy Statistical Manual. Paris, France: 
International Energy Agency. 
• UNSD, 1982. Concepts and Methods in Energy Statistics, with Special 
Reference to Energy Accounts and Balances — A Technical Report. New 
York, NY, USA: United Nations Statistics Division. 
• UNSD, 1987. Energy Statistics: Definitions, Units of Measure and Conversion 
Factors. New York, USA: United Nations Statistics Division. 
• UNSD, 1991. Energy Statistics: A Manual for Developing Countries. New 
York, USA: United Nations Statistics Division. 
ECO2: Energy use per unit of GDP 
Brief Definition 
Ratio of total primary energy supply (TPES), total 
final consumption (TFC) and electricity use to 
gross domestic product (GDP)