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cambium's cells divide to produce secondary xylem on the inside (tracheids and vessel elements) and
secondary phloem on the outside (sieve elements and companion cells). The vascular cambium, which
produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem, as well as the action of the cork cambium, which
creates the tough
outermost layer of the stem, are responsible for the
thickening of the stem that
happens during secondary growth. Lignin, which contributes to the secondary xylem's toughness and
strength, is found in its cells.
Cork cambium is the furthest lateral meristem in woody plants. It produces cork cells (bark)
with a waxy substance called suberin that has water-repelling properties. The bark shields the plant
from harm physically and aids in minimizing water loss. The
cork cambium also generates
phelloderm, a layer of cells that extends inward from the cambium. The cork cambium, cork cells,
and phelloderm are collectively termed the
periderm
. The periderm substitutes for the epidermis in
mature plants. In some plants, the periderm has many openings, known as
lenticels
, which allow the
interior cells to exchange gases with the outside atmosphere (Figure 103). This provides oxygen to
the phloem, xylem, and cortex's living,
metabolically active cells
77
.
Figure 103.
This cherry tree's woody stem can exchange gases with the atmosphere thanks to lenticels on its
bark. (credit: Roger Griffith)
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