245
Figure 167.
Ice at the Russian Vostok station in East Antarctica was laid down over the course of 420,000
years and reached a depth of over 3,000 m. By measuring the amount of CO
2
trapped in the ice, scientists
have determined past atmospheric CO
2
concentrations. Temperatures relative to modern day were
determined from the amount of
deuterium
(a nonradioactive isotope of hydrogen) present
133
.
Reading #2: Biodiversity, Species Richness, and Relative Species Abundance
A community's biological complexity is described by its biodiversity, which is quantified by
the variety of species present (species richness) and their relative abundance in a given area (species
evenness). It could be a habitat, a biome, or the entire biosphere that is in question. The term used to
describe the variety of species found in a habitat or biome is
species richness
. The diversity of species
varies around the world (Figure 168). Latitude is one factor in determining species richness, with
ecosystems near the equator frequently experiencing warmer temperatures, copious amounts of
rainfall, and little seasonal variation. Near the poles, where it is much colder, drier, and less favorable
for life to exist in Geologic time, there are the fewest species (time since glaciations). Another key
element is how predictable the climate or productivity is. Additionally, other factors affect species
richness. For example, the study of
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