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Figure 21.
A typical animal cell and (b) a typical plant cell.
The Plasma Membrane
Eukaryotic cells,
like prokaryotes, have a plasma membrane (Figure 21) that is composed of a
phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and serves to separate the interior of the cell from the external
environment. A phospholipid is a lipid molecule
made up of a phosphate group, a glycerol backbone, and two
fatty acid chains. In order to maintain internal conditions, the plasma membrane actively brings in or expels
other substances while actively regulating
the passage of others, such as organic molecules, ions, and water.
Figure 22.
Proteins are embedded in a phospholipid bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane. Along with
phospholipids
and protein, the membrane also contains other substances like cholesterol and carbohydrates.
The Cytoplasm
The portion of a cell between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane is called the cytoplasm
(a structure to be discussed shortly). The cytoskeleton, various chemicals, and organelles suspended in the gel-
like cytosol make up this structure. The proteins in the cytoplasm give it a semi-solid consistency despite the
fact that it contains between 70 and 80 percent water. However, organic molecules other than proteins can also
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be found in the cytoplasm. There are also polysaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleic acids, fatty acid
derivatives, glucose and other simple sugars, and polysaccharides.
The Nucleus
Usually, the nucleus is the cell organelle that is most noticeable. The nucleus (plural: nuclei) regulates
the production of ribosomes and proteins as well as housing the DNA of the cell in the form of chromatin. The
outermost region of the nucleus is made up of the double-membrane nuclear envelope. Phospholipid bilayers
make up the nuclear envelope's inner and outer membranes. The passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between
the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm is regulated by pores that dot the nuclear envelope. It is useful to start with
chromosomes in order to comprehend chromatin.
Figure 23.
The nuclear envelope is the nucleus' outermost boundary. Contrary to the
plasma membrane,
which only contains one phospholipid bilayer, the nuclear envelope is made up of two phospholipid bilayers
(membranes): an outer membrane and an inner membrane.
Proteins and DNA combine to form the nucleus's
chromosomes, which are hereditary structures.
Chromatin is the term for this DNA and protein mixture. Chromosomes are organized in a linear fashion in
eukaryotes. Each species' body cells' nuclei contain a particular number of chromosomes. For example, in
humans, the chromosome number is 46,
whereas in fruit flies, the chromosome number is eight.
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