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English for Biology A Teacher Resource Manual

Leaf Arrangement 
Phyllotaxy 
refers to the arrangement of leaves on a stem. A plant's species will determine the 
number and arrangement of its leaves, with each species having a distinctive leaf arrangement. The 
three types of leaves are alternate, spiral, and opposite. Plants with only one leaf per node are said to 
have alternate or spiral leaves, which are arranged in a spiral pattern along the stem and alternate on 
each side of the stem in a flat plane. In an opposite leaf arrangement, two leaves arise at the same 
point, with the leaves connecting opposite each other along the branch. If there are three or more 
leaves connected at a node, the leaf arrangement is classified as 
whorled

Leaf Form 
Leaves may be simple or compound (Figure 109). In a 
simple leaf
, the blade is either 
completely undivided—as in the banana leaf—or it has lobes, but the separation does not reach the 
midrib, as in the maple leaf. In a 
compound leaf
, the leaf blade is completely divided, forming 
leaflets, as in the locust tree. Each leaflet may have its own stalk but is attached to the rachis. A 
palmately compound leaf
resembles the palm of a hand, with leaflets radiating outwards from one 
point. Examples include the leaves of poison ivy, the buckeye tree, or the familiar houseplant 
Schefflera
sp. (common name “umbrella plant”). 
Pinnately compound leaves
take their name from 
their feather-like appearance; the leaflets are arranged along the midrib, as in rose leaves (
Rosa
sp.), 
or the leaves of hickory, pecan, ash, or walnut trees
80

79
credit a photo: modification of work by “Drewboy64”/Wikimedia Commons; credit b photo: modification of work by 
Roger Griffith; credit c photo: modification of work by "geishaboy500"/Flickr; credit abc illustrations: modification of 
work by Agnieszka Kwiecień) 
80
Clark, M., Choi, J. & Douglas, M. (2020) 
Biology 2e
, Chapter 30, -Pp. 843-844, OpenStax, 
https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e



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