Figure 113. The (a) Venus flytrap has modified leaves that can capture insects. When an
unlucky insect touches the trigger hairs inside the leaf, the trap suddenly closes. The opening
of the (b) pitcher plant is lined with a slippery wax. Insects crawling on the lip slip and fall
into a pool of water in the bottom of the pitcher, where they are digested by bacteria. The plant
then absorbs the smaller molecules
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.
Numerous swamp plants have adaptations that allow them to flourish in moist environments
where their roots grow submerged in water. The soil is prone to instability and the roots have little
access to oxygen in these aquatic environments. Trees such as mangroves (
Rhizophora sp. ) growing
in coastal waters produce aboveground roots that help support the tree (Figure 114). Pneumatophores
are upward-growing roots with pores and pockets of tissue that are specifically designed for gas
exchange. They are found in some species of mangroves and cypress trees. Aquatic wild rice has
significant air spaces in the cortex of the roots. The aerenchyma, or air-filled tissue, creates a pathway
for oxygen to diffuse down to the root tips, which are buried in sediments at the bottom that are low
in oxygen.
Figure 114. The branches of (a) mangrove trees develop aerial roots, which descend to the
ground and help to anchor the trees. (b) Cypress trees and some mangrove species have
upward-growing roots called pneumatophores that are involved in gas exchange. Aquatic
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(credit a: modification of work by Peter Shanks; credit b: modification of work by Tim Mansfield)
169
plants such as (c) wild rice have large spaces in the root cortex called aerenchyma,
visualized here using scanning electron microscopy
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.