ESC GUIDELINES
2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and
treatment of aortic diseases
Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic
and abdominal aorta of the adult
The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases
of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
Authors/Task Force members: Raimund Erbel
*
(Chairperson) (Germany),
Victor Aboyans
*
(Chairperson) (France), Catherine Boileau (France),
Eduardo Bossone (Italy), Roberto Di Bartolomeo (Italy), Holger Eggebrecht
(Germany), Arturo Evangelista (Spain), Volkmar Falk (Switzerland), Herbert Frank
(Austria), Oliver Gaemperli (Switzerland), Martin Grabenwo¨ger (Austria),
Axel Haverich (Germany), Bernard Iung (France), Athanasios John Manolis (Greece),
Folkert Meijboom (Netherlands), Christoph A. Nienaber (Germany), Marco Roffi
(Switzerland), Herve´ Rousseau (France), Udo Sechtem (Germany), Per Anton Sirnes
(Norway), Regula S. von Allmen (Switzerland), Christiaan J.M. Vrints (Belgium).
ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG): Jose Luis Zamorano (Chairperson) (Spain), Stephan Achenbach
(Germany), Helmut Baumgartner (Germany), Jeroen J. Bax (Netherlands), He´ctor Bueno (Spain), Veronica Dean
(France), Christi Deaton (UK), Çetin Erol (Turkey), Robert Fagard (Belgium), Roberto Ferrari (Italy), David Hasdai
(Israel), Arno Hoes (The Netherlands), Paulus Kirchhof (Germany/UK), Juhani Knuuti (Finland), Philippe Kolh
*
Corresponding authors: Raimund Erbel, Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Centre Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, DE-45122 Essen, Germany.
Tel:
+49 201 723 4801; Fax: +49 201 723 5401; Email:
erbel@uk-essen.de
.
Victor Aboyans, Department of Cardiology, CHRU Dupuytren Limoges, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France. Tel:
+33 5 55 05 63 10; Fax: +33 5 55 05 63 84;
Email:
vaboyans@live.fr
Other ESC entities having participated in the development of this document:
ESC Associations: Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA), European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular
Interventions (EAPCI).
ESC Councils: Council for Cardiology Practice (CCP).
ESC Working Groups: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Cardiovascular Surgery, Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease, Hypertension and the Heart, Nuclear Cardiology and
Cardiac Computed Tomography, Peripheral Circulation, Valvular Heart Disease.
The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC
Guidelines may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University
Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC.
Disclaimer: The ESC Guidelines represent the views of the ESC and were produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the
time of their dating.
The ESC is not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy and/or ambiguity between the ESC Guidelines and any other official recommendations or guidelines issued by
the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of health care or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines fully into
account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC
Guidelines do not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient’s
health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient’s caregiver. Nor do the ESC Guidelines exempt health professionals from
taking full and careful consideration of the relevant official updated recommendations or guidelines issued by the competent public health authorities in order to manage each patient’s
case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify the applicable rules
and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.
National Cardiac Societies document reviewers: listed in the Appendix.
&
The European Society of Cardiology 2014. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
European Heart Journal (2014) 35, 2873–2926
doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281
(Belgium), Patrizio Lancellotti (Belgium), Ales Linhart (Czech Republic), Petros Nihoyannopoulos (UK),
Massimo F. Piepoli (Italy), Piotr Ponikowski (Poland), Per Anton Sirnes (Norway), Juan Luis Tamargo (Spain),
Michal Tendera (Poland), Adam Torbicki (Poland), William Wijns (Belgium), and Stephan Windecker (Switzerland).
Document reviewers: Petros Nihoyannopoulos (CPG Review Coordinator) (UK), Michal Tendera (CPG Review
Coordinator) (Poland), Martin Czerny (Switzerland), John Deanfield (UK), Carlo Di Mario (UK), Mauro Pepi (Italy),
Maria Jesus Salvador Taboada (Spain), Marc R. van Sambeek (The Netherlands), Charalambos Vlachopoulos (Greece),
and Jose Luis Zamorano (Spain).
The disclosure forms provided by the experts involved in the development of these guidelines are available on the ESC website
www.escardio.org/guidelines
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Keywords
Guidelines † Aortic diseases † Aortic aneurysm † Acute aortic syndrome † Aortic dissection † Intramural
haematoma † Penetrating aortic ulcer † Traumatic aortic injury † Abdominal aortic aneurysm † Endovascular
therapy † Vascular surgery † Congenital aortic diseases † Genetic aortic diseases † Thromboembolic aortic
diseases † Aortitis † Aortic tumours
Table of Contents
Abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2876
1. Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2876
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2878
3. The normal and the ageing aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2879
4. Assessment of the aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2880
4.1 Clinical examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2880
4.2 Laboratory testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2880
4.3 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2880
4.3.1 Chest X-ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2880
4.3.2 Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2881
4.3.2.1 Transthoracic echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . .2881
4.3.2.2 Transoesophageal echocardiography . . . . . . . .2881
4.3.2.3 Abdominal ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2881
4.3.3 Computed tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2881
4.3.4 Positron emission tomography/computed
tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2883
4.3.5 Magnetic resonance imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2883
4.3.6 Aortography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2883
4.3.7 Intravascular ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2884
4.4 Assessment of aortic stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2884
5. Treatment options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2884
5.1 Principles of medical therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2884
5.2 Endovascular therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2885
5.2.1 Thoracic endovascular aortic repair . . . . . . . . . . .2885
5.2.1.1 Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2885
5.2.1.2 Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2885
5.2.2 Abdominal endovascular aortic repair . . . . . . . . . .2885
5.2.2.1 Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2885
5.2.2.2 Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2886
5.3 Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2887
5.3.1 Ascending aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2887
5.3.2 Aortic arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2887
5.3.3 Descending aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2888
5.3.4 Thoraco-abdominal aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2888
5.3.5 Abdominal aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2888
6. Acute thoracic aortic syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2889
6.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2889
6.2 Pathology and classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2890
6.3 Acute aortic dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2890
6.3.1 Definition and classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2890
6.3.2 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2890
6.3.3 Clinical presentation and complications . . . . . . . . .2890
6.3.3.1 Chest pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2890
6.3.3.2 Aortic regurgitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2890
6.3.3.3 Myocardial ischaemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2890
6.3.3.4 Congestive heart failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2890
6.3.3.5 Large pleural effusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2891
6.3.3.6 Pulmonary complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2891
6.3.3.7 Syncope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2891
6.3.3.8 Neurological symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2891
6.3.3.9 Mesenteric ischaemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2891
6.3.3.10. Renal failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2891
6.3.4 Laboratory testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2891
6.3.5 Diagnostic imaging in acute aortic dissection . . . . . .2892
6.3.5.1 Echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2892
6.3.5.2 Computed tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2892
6.3.5.3 Magnetic resonance imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2893
6.3.5.4 Aortography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2893
6.3.6 Diagnostic work-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2893
6.3.7 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2895
6.3.7.1 Type A aortic dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2895
6.3.7.2 Treatment of Type B aortic dissection . . . . . . .2895
6.3.7.2.1 Uncomplicated Type B aortic dissection: . . .2895
6.3.7.2.1.1 Medical therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2895
6.3.7.2.1.2 Endovascular therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . .2896
6.3.7.2.2 Complicated Type B aortic dissection:
endovascular therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2896
6.3.7.2.2.1 TEVAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2896
6.3.7.2.2.2 Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2896
6.4 Intramural haematoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2897
6.4.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2897
6.4.2 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2897
6.4.3 Natural history, morphological changes,
and complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2897
ESC Guidelines
2874
6.4.4 Indications for surgery and thoracic endovascular
aortic repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2897
6.4.4.1 Type A intramural haematoma . . . . . . . . . . . .2897
6.4.4.2 Type B intramural haematoma . . . . . . . . . . . .2897
6.5 Penetrating aortic ulcer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2898
6.5.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2898
6.5.2 Diagnostic imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2898
6.5.3 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2898
6.5.4 Interventional therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2898
6.6 Aortic pseudoaneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2899
6.7 (Contained) rupture of aortic aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . .
2899
6.7.1 Contained rupture of thoracic aortic aneurysm . . . .2899
6.7.1.1 Clinical presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2899
6.7.1.2 Diagnostic work-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2899
6.7.1.3 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2899
6.8 Traumatic aortic injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2900
6.8.1 Definition, epidemiology and classification . . . . . . .2900
6.8.2 Patient presentation and diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . .2900
6.8.3 Indications for treatment in traumatic aortic injury . .2900
6.8.4 Medical therapy in traumatic aortic injury . . . . . . . .2900
6.8.5 Surgery in traumatic aortic injury . . . . . . . . . . . . .2900
6.8.6 Endovascular therapy in traumatic aortic injury . . . .2901
6.8.7 Long-term surveillance in traumatic aortic injury . . .2901
6.9 Latrogenic aortic dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2901
7. Aortic aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2902
7.1 Thoracic aortic aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2902
7.1.1 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2902
7.1.2 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2902
7.1.3 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2902
7.1.4 Natural history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2903
7.1.4.1 Aortic growth in familial thoracic aortic aneurysms 2903
7.1.4.2 Descending aortic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2903
7.1.4.3 Risk of aortic dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2903
7.1.5 Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2903
7.1.5.1 Ascending aortic aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2903
7.1.5.2 Aortic arch aneuryms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2903
7.1.5.3 Descending aortic aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . .2904
7.2 Abdominal aortic aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2905
7.2.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2905
7.2.2 Risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2905
7.2.3 Natural history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2905
7.2.4 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2905
7.2.4.1 Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2905
7.2.4.2 Diagnostic imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2905
7.2.4.3 Screening abdominal aortic aneurysm in high-risk
populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2905
7.2.5 Management of small abdominal aortic aneurysms . .2906
7.2.5.1 Management of risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2906
7.2.5.2 Medical therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2906
7.2.5.3 Follow-up of small abdominal aortic aneurysm . .2907
7.2.6 Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair . . . . . . . . . . . .2907
7.2.6.1 Pre-operative cardiovascular evaluation . . . . . .2907
7.2.6.2 Aortic repair in asymptomatic abdominal aortic
aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2907
7.2.6.3 Open aortic aneurysm repair . . . . . . . . . . . . .2907
7.2.6.4 Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair . . . . . . . .2908
7.2.6.5 Comparative considerations of abdominal aortic
aneurysm management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2908
7.2.7 (Contained) rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm . .2909
7.2.7.1 Clinical presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2909
7.2.7.2 Diagnostic work-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2909
7.2.7.3 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2909
7.2.8 Long-term prognosis and follow-up of aortic aneurysm
repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2909
8. Genetic diseases affecting the aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2910
8.1 Chromosomal and inherited syndromic thoracic aortic
aneurysms and dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2910
8.1.1 Turner syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2910
8.1.2 Marfan syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2910
8.1.3 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type IV or vascular type . .2910
8.1.4 Loeys-Dietz syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2911
8.1.5 Arterial tortuosity syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2911
8.1.6 Aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome . . . . . . . . . . .2911
8.1.7 Non-syndromic familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and
dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2911
8.1.8 Genetics and heritability of abdominal aortic
aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2912
8.2 Aortic diseases associated with bicuspid aortic valve . . . .
2912
8.2.1 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2912
8.2.1.1 Bicuspid aortic valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2912
8.2.1.2 Ascending aorta growth in bicuspid valves . . . . .2912
8.2.1.3 Aortic dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.1.4 Bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.2 Natural history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.3 Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.4 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.4.1 Clinical presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.4.2 Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.4.3 Screening in relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.4.4 Follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.5 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2913
8.2.6 Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2914
8.3 Coarctation of the aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2914
8.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2914
8.3.2 Diagnostic work-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2914
8.3.3 Surgical or catheter interventional treatment . . . . .2914
9. Atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2915
9.1 Thromboembolic aortic disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2915
9.1.1 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2915
9.1.2 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2915
9.1.3 Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2915
9.1.3.1 Antithrombotics (antiplatelets vs. vitamin K
antagonists) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2915
9.1.3.2 Lipid-lowering agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2916
9.1.3.3 Surgical and interventional approach . . . . . . . .2916
9.2 Mobile aortic thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2916
9.3 Atherosclerotic aortic occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2916
9.4 Calcified aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2916
9.5 Coral reef aorta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2916
10. Aortitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2916
10.1 Definition, types, and diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2916
10.1.1 Giant cell arteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2917
10.1.2 Takayasu arteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2917
10.2 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2917
11. Aortic tumours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2917
11.1 Primary malignant tumours of the aorta . . . . . . . . . . .
2917
ESC Guidelines
2875
12. Long-term follow-up of aortic diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2918
12.1 Chronic aortic dissection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2918
12.1.1 Definition and classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2918
12.1.2 Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2918
12.1.3 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2918
12.1.4 Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2918
12.2 Follow-up after thoracic aortic intervention . . . . . . . .
2919
12.2.1 Clinical follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2919
12.2.2 Imaging after thoracic endovascular aortic repair . .2919
12.2.3 Imaging after thoracic aortic surgery . . . . . . . . . .2919
12.3 Follow-up of patients after intervention for abdominal
aortic aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2919
12.3.1 Follow-up after endovascular aortic repair . . . . . .2919
12.3.2 Follow-up after open surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2919
13. Gaps in evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2920
14. Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2920
15. Web addenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2921
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2921
Abbreviations and acronyms
3D
three-dimensional
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
AAS
acute aortic syndrome
ACC
American College of Cardiology
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
AD
Aortic dissection
ADAM
Aneurysm Detection and Management
AHA
American Heart Association
AJAX
Amsterdam Acute Aneurysm
AO
aorta
AOS
aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome
ARCH
Aortic Arch Related Cerebral Hazard
ATS
arterial tortuosity syndrome
BAV
bicuspid aortic valve
BSA
body surface area
CI
confidence interval
CoA
coarctation of the aorta
CPG
Committee for Practice Guidelines
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computed tomography
DREAM
Dutch Randomized Aneurysm Management
DUS
Doppler ultrasound
EBCT
electron beam computed tomography
ECG
electrocardiogram
EDS
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
EDSIV
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV
ESC
European Society of Cardiology
ESH
European Society of Hypertension
EVAR
endovascular aortic repair
FDG
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose
FL
false lumen
GCA
giant cell arteritis
GERAADA German Registry for Acute Aortic Dissection Type A
IAD
iatrogenic aortic dissection
IMH
intramural haematoma
INSTEAD
Investigation of Stent Grafts in Patients with type B
Aortic Dissection
IRAD
International Registry of Aortic Dissection
IVUS
intravascular ultrasound
LCC
left coronary cusp
LDS
Loeys-Dietz syndrome
MASS
Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study
MESA
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
MPR
multiplanar reconstruction
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MSCT
multislice computed tomography
NA
not applicable
NCC
non-coronary cusp
ns-TAAD
non-syndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms and
dissection
OR
odds ratio
OVER
Open Versus Endovascular Repair
OxVasc
Oxford Vascular study
PARTNER
Placement of AoRtic TraNscathetER Valves
PAU
penetrating aortic ulcer
PICSS
Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke
study
PET
positron emission tomography
RCCA
right common carotid artery
RCC
right coronary cusp
RCT
randomized, clinical trial
RR
relative risk
SIRS
systemic inflammatory response
SMC
smooth muscle cell
TAA
thoracic aortic aneurysm
TAAD
thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection
TAI
traumatic aortic injury
TEVAR
thoracic endovascular aortic repair
TGF
transforming growth factor
TI
separate thyroid artery (A. thyroidea)
TL
true lumen
TOE
transoesophageal echocardiography
TS
Turner Syndrome
TTE
transthoracic echocardiography
UKSAT
UK Small Aneurysm Trial
ULP
ulcer-like projection
WARSS
Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study
1. Preamble
Guidelines summarize and evaluate all available evidence at the time
of the writing process, on a particular issue with the aim of assisting
health professionals in selecting the best management strategies for
an individual patient, with a given condition, taking into account the
impact on outcome, as well as the risk-benefit-ratio of particular diag-
nostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines and recommendations
should help the health professionals to make decisions in their daily
practice. However, the final decisions concerning an individual
patient must be made by the responsible health professional(s) in
consultation with the patient and caregiver as appropriate.
ESC Guidelines
2876
A great number of Guidelines have been issued in recent years by
the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) as well as by other soci-
eties and organisations. Because of the impact on clinical practice,
quality criteria for the development of guidelines have been estab-
lished in order to make all decisions transparent to the user. The
recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines can
be found on the ESC website (
http://www.escardio.org/guidelines-
surveys/esc-guidelines/about/Pages/rules-writing.aspx
). ESC Guide-
lines represent the official position of the ESC on a given topic and
are regularly updated.
Members of this Task Force were selected by the ESC to represent
professionals involved with the medical care of patients with this
pathology. Selected experts in the field undertook a comprehensive
review of the published evidence for management (including diagno-
sis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation) of a given condition
according to ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG) policy.
A critical evaluation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was
performed including assessment of the risk-benefit-ratio. Estimates
of expected health outcomes for larger populations were included,
where data exist. The level of evidence and the strength of recom-
mendation of particular management options were weighed and
graded according to predefined scales, as outlined in Tables
1
and
2
.
The experts of the writing and reviewing panels filled in declara-
tions of interest forms which might be perceived as real or potential
sources of conflicts of interest. These forms were compiled into one
file and can be found on the ESC website (
http://www.escardio.org/
guidelines
). Any changes in declarations of interest that arise during
the writing period must be notified to the ESC and updated. The
Task Force received its entire financial support from the ESC
without any involvement from healthcare industry.
The ESC CPG supervises and coordinates the preparation of new
Guidelines produced by Task Forces, expert groups or consensus
panels. The Committee is also responsible for the endorsement
process of these Guidelines. The ESC Guidelines undergo extensive
review by the CPG and external experts. After appropriate revisions
it is approved by all the experts involved in the Task Force. The fina-
lized document is approved by the CPG for publication in the Euro-
pean Heart Journal. It was developed after careful consideration of
the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at
the time of their dating.
The task of developing ESC Guidelines covers not only the
integration of the most recent research, but also the creation of edu-
cational tools and implementation programmes for the recommen-
dations. To implement the guidelines, condensed pocket guidelines
versions, summary slides, booklets with essential messages,
summary cards for non-specialists, electronic version for digital
applications (smartphones etc) are produced. These versions are
abridged and, thus, if needed, one should always refer to the full
text version which is freely available on the ESC website. The Na-
tional Societies of the ESC are encouraged to endorse, translate
and implement the ESC Guidelines. Implementation programmes
are needed because it has been shown that the outcome of
disease may be favourably influenced by the thorough application
of clinical recommendations.
Surveys and registries are needed to verify that real-life daily
practice is in keeping with what is recommended in the guidelines,
thus completing the loop between clinical research, writing of
guidelines, disseminating them and implementing them into clinical
practice.
Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC Guidelines
fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment as well as
in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnos-
tic or therapeutic medical strategies. However, the ESC Guidelines
do not override in any way whatsoever the individual responsibility
of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions
in consideration of each patient’s health condition and in consultation
with that patient and the patient’s caregiver where appropriate and/
or necessary. It is also the health professional’s responsibility to verify
Table 1
Classes of recommendations
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