4
In addition to the above, the ten packages of EU sanctions against Russia,
individual restrictions by certain countries against Moscow’s regime,
energy threats and more, have led to problems in the normal functioning
of the global supply chains. These processes, in turn,
led to growing
inflation, which even the South Caucasus countries have fallen victim to.
Accordingly, a significant increase in prices was recorded. Last year, the
increase in the general level of prices in Armenia was 8.6%, in Azerbaijan
12.3%, and in Georgia 11.6% (Armstat, Geostat, Azstat, World Bank, 2023).
To deal with the high inflation, the Central Bank of Armenia increased the
monetary policy rate by 50 basis points to 10.5% on November 1, and by
another 25 points at the December 13 meeting, which finally brought it
to 10.75% (Armbanks, 2022). On March 30, the National Bank of Georgia
increased the refinancing rate by 50 basis points to 11%. At the meeting
on December 21, 2022, a decision was made to leave the rate unchanged
(NGB, 2022). The Central Bank of Azerbaijan increased the monetary
policy rate four times last year: First on January 28 from 7.25% to 7.5%,
on March 18 from 7.5% to 7.75%, on October 28 from 7.75% to 8%, and
on December 16 by another 25 basis points, which brought it to 8.25%
(Trading
Economics, 2022).
Generally, increasing the monetary policy rate is one of the main levers for
dealing with rising inflation. When central banks increase the refinancing
rate, this raises the interest rate on both the loans and deposits made
by commercial banks. Thus, the demand for bank money decreases, and
saving becomes
a priority for the population, considering the annual
benefits. Consequently, overall demand
for products and services
decreases, and consumer prices follow that downward trend. A tighter
monetary policy cannot eliminate external factors of inflation, although
it can bring inflationary expectations under control, which is an important
move for managing the situation.
Graph 1.1 presents the inflation indicators of the South Caucasus countries
for the last 5 years, from which it can be seen that 2022 was unprecedented
in terms of price growth.