Ielts reading question-type based tests true false not given matching headings

D 
adversity is the breeding ground of resilience. 
E 
feelings of optimism vary according to gender. 
F 
good humour means good flexibility. 
G 
evenness of mind under stress is important to building 
resilience. 
H 
having an optimistic outlook is a habit.
 
Optimism and Health 
 
Mindset is all. How you start the year will set the template for the rest, and two scientifically 
backed character traits hold the key: optimism and resilience (if the prospect leaves you feeling 
pessimistically spineless, the good news is that you can significantly boost both of these qualities). 
Faced with 12 months of plummeting economics and rising human distress, staunchly maintaining a 
rosy view might seem deludedly Pollyannaish. But here we encounter the optimism paradox. As Brice Pitt, 
an emeritus professor of the psychiatry of old age at Imperial College, London, told me: “Optimists are 
unrealistic. Depressive people see things as they really are, but that is a disadvantage from an evolutionary 
point of view. Optimism is a piece of evolutionary equipment that carried us through millennia of setbacks.” 
Optimists have plenty to be happy about. In other words, if you can convince yourself that things will get 
better, the odds of it happening will improve because you keep on playing the game. In this light, optimism 
“is a habitual way of explaining your setbacks to yourself”, reports Martin Seligman, the psychology 
professor and author of Learned Optimism. The research shows that when times get tough, optimists do 
better than pessimists - they succeed better at work, respond better to stress, suffer fewer depressive 
episodes, and achieve more personal goals. 
Studies also show that belief can help with the financial pinch. Chad Wallens, a social forecaster at 
the Henley Centre who surveyed middle-class Britons’ beliefs about income, has found that “the people who 
feel wealthiest, and those who feel poorest, actually have almost the same amount of money at their 
disposal. Their attitudes and behaviour patterns, however, are different from one another.” 
Optimists have something else to be cheerful about - in general, they are more robust. For example, a 
study of 660 volunteers by the Yale University psychologist Dr. Becca Levy found that thinking positively 
adds an average of seven years to your life. Other American research claims to have identified a physical 
mechanism behind this. A Harvard Medical School study of 670 men found that the optimists have 
significantly better lung function. The lead author, Dr. Rosalind Wright, believes that attitude somehow 
strengthens the immune system. “Preliminary studies on heart patients suggest that, by changing a per son’s 
outlook, you can improve their mortality risk,” she says.
Few studies have tried to ascertain the proportion of optimists in the world. But a 1995 nationwide 
survey conducted by the American magazine Adweek found that about half the population counted 

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