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pollinator species, we humans have become riskily overspecialized. And when the human-honeybee 
relationship is disrupted, as it has been by colony collapse disorder, the vulnerability of that agricultural 
system begins to become clear. 
 
E. 
In fact, a few wild bees are already being successfully managed for crop pollination. “The problem is 
trying to provide native bees in adequate numbers on a reliable basis in a fairly short number of years in 
order to service the crop” Jim Cane says. “You’re talking millions of flowers per acre in a two-to 
three-week time frame, or less, for a lot of crops.” On the other hand, native bees can be much more efficient 
pollinators of certain crops than honeybees, so you don’t need as many to do the job. For example, about 
750 blue orchard bees (Osmia lignaria) can pollinate a hectare of apples or almonds, a task that would 
require roughly 50,000 to 150,000 honeybees. There are bee tinkerers engaged in similar work in many 
comers of the world. In Brazil, Breno Freitas has found that Centris tarsata, the native pollinator of wild 
cashew, can survive in commercial cashew orchards if growers provide a source of floral oils, such as by 
interplanting their cashew trees with Caribbean cherry. 
F. 
In certain places, native bees may already be doing more than they’re getting credit for. Ecologist Rachael 
Winfree recently led a team that looked at pollination of four summer crops (tomato, watermelon, peppers, 
and muskmelon) at 29 farms in the region of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Winfiree’s team identified 54 
species of wild bees that visited these crops, and found that wild bees were the most important pollinators in 
the system: even though managed honeybees were present on many of the farms, wild bees were responsible 
for 62 percent of flower visits in the study. In another study focusing specifically on watermelon, Winfree 
and her colleagues calculated that native bees alone could provide sufficient pollination at 90 percent of the 
23 farms studied. By contrast, honeybees alone could provide sufficient pollination at only 78 percent of 
farms. 
G. 
“The region I work in is not typical of the way most food is produced” Winfree admits. In the Delaware 
Valley, most farms and farm fields are relatively small, each fanner typically grows a variety of crops, and 
farms are interspersed with suburbs and other types of land use which means there are opportunities for 
homeowners to get involved in bee conservation, too. The landscape is a bee-friendly patchwork that 
provides a variety of nesting habitat and floral resources distributed among different kinds of crops, weedy 
field margins, fallow fields, suburban neighborhoods, and semi natural habitat like old woodlots, all at a 
relatively small scale. In other words, ‘pollinator-friendly’ farming practices would not only aid pollination 
of agricultural crops, but also serve as a key element in the overall conservation strategy for wild pollinators, 
and often aid other wild species as well.