Ijpsr (2009), Issue 1, Vol

Oral: Pills or capsules.

Intravenous (i.v): Directly into a vein.

Intravesical: Directly into the bladder.

Topical: Cream applies externally to the surface of the skin at an early stage of skin cancer.

Types of Immunotherapy:

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  Checkpoint Inhibitors: These are the drugs that are used to boost the immune system to treat cancer. These drugs do not target directly on tumor cells because these drugs interrupt the ability of cancer cells to avoid immune system attack. They release the brakes which keep t cells, which is a type of WBC and immune system ⁴².
  
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  Adoptive Cell Transfer: In this, the natural ability of T cell is boosted to fight against cancer and they are taken from the tumor. Then t cells are grown in large batches in the lab and take 2-8 weeks to grow, then given back to the body by a needle in a vein.
  
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  Monoclonal Antibodies: These are proteins which are made up in the laboratory and have the ability to attach with specific targets on cancer cells. It is also called as therapeutic antibodies. Antibodies mark the cancer cells so that the immune system can easily find it and destroy it.
  

Side Effects: The most common side effects are at needle site like skin reactions. These side effects include:

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  Pain
  
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  Swelling
  
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  Redness
  
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  Soreness
  
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  Rash
  
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  Chills
  
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  Fever
  
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  Dizziness
  
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  Nausea and vomiting
  
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  Fatigue
  
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  Weakness
  
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  Muscle or joint aches
  
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  Trouble breathing
  
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  Headache
  
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  Low and high blood pressure
  
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  Diarrhea
  
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  Risk of infection
  
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  Organ inflammation
  
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  Heart palpitations
  
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  Sinus congestion
  

These therapies also cause allergic reactions which will be severe or fatal, but these reactions are rare.