Instructions for ispacs 2003 Camera-Ready Manuscript

3.1 Face 
The politeness theory of Brown and Levinson 
(1978) has become a paradigm for study on politeness 
strategy. The central point of Brown's and Levinson's 
theory is the idea of the face, as suggested by 
Goffman (1967) who described the face as:
"The positive social interest of an individual 
essentially claims for himself the line taken by others 
during a particular touch." The face is an image of 
oneself with accepted social attributes–albeit an 
image that others can share as if a person shows his 
occupation or religion with good shows for himself." 
(Goffman 1967:5). 
3.2 FTA 
According to Brown and Levinson (1987, 1978), 
acts of facial threats may threaten the face of the 
speaker or the face of the audience, threatening the 
face, either positive or negative. FTA or Face 
Threatening Act involves showing expressions of 
thanks, condolences, promises, and non-verbal 
behaviours such as stumbling, falling or utterances 
threatening each other's intrinsic face (positive or 
negative). It also includes disagreement critique, 
requests, lousy news and demand. For example, 
simple demands threaten the negative face of the 
target because compliance with the request interferes 
with its will to remain independent. Besides, FTA is 
an act that threatens an interlocutor's face. Brown and 
Levinson (1987:65) proposed that when facing the 
need for FTA, a person should either explicitly and 
effectively execute FTA, or attempt to mitigate the 
effect of FTA on the positive and negative face of the 
listener.
3.2 Politeness Strategies 
The concepts of politeness strategies are 
developed 
to 
prevent 
someone 
from 
being 
embarrassed or from feeling uncomfortable, to save 
the listener's "face". The politeness strategies of 
Brown and Levinson (1978) could be divided into 
four 
main 
strategies: 
bald-on-record, 
positive 
politeness, 
negative 
politeness 
and 
off-record 
politeness strategies. Throughout his research, 
Hamuddin (2012) thought that these four techniques 
could still be used in the current situation. 
3.2.1 Bald-on-record 
According to Brown and Levinson (1978:74), bald 
on record strategy is a direct way of saying things, 
without any minimization to the imposition, in a 
direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way. There are 
different kinds of bald-on-record usage in different 
circumstances. It is because the speaker can have 
different motives for their wants to do the FTA with 
minimum efficiency. The motives fall into two 
classes; one is where the face threat is not minimised 
and therefore ignored or irrelevant, and the other is 
where in doing the FTA bald on record, the speaker 
minimises face threats by implication. Brown and 
Levinson (1977:100) provide the example of a bald-
on-record strategy and suggest that the use of bald-on-
record direct imperatives is evident. Imperatives are 
often smoothed with hedges or traditional signs of 
politeness. 
3.2.2 Positive politeness
The second strategy is constructive politeness and 
is usually found in groups of friends or in situations 
where people of certain social circumstances are 

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