International Accounting Standards
19
IAS 8: Accounting
policies, changes in
accounting
estimates and
errors
The standard provides guidance for selecting and applying accounting policies, accounting for
changes in estimates and correcting prior period errors.
Accounting policies
These are defined as: ‘the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an
entity in preparing and presenting financial statements.
In selecting and applying accounting policies, the standard requires that:
•
when an accounting standard specifically applies to a transaction or event, then the policy
contained in that standard should be applied,
OR
•
when no specific standard applies, then management should use its judgement in developing
and applying an accounting policy that provides information to the users of the financial
statements that is relevant, reliable, prudent and complete. In doing so, they should refer to
any other standards or interpretations or to other standard-setting bodies to assist them.
However, they must make sure that their subsequent interpretation or recommended method of
treatment for the transaction does not result in conflict with international standards or
interpretations.
An entity must apply accounting policies consistently for similar transactions. Changes in accounting
policies can only occur:
•
if the change is required by an accounting standard or interpretation, or
•
if the change results in the financial statements providing more reliable and relevant
information that faithfully represents the effect of transactions on the financial statements.
Any changes adopted must be applied retrospectively to financial statements. This means that the
previous figure for equity and other figures in the statement of profit or loss and statement of financial
position must be altered, subject to the practicalities of calculating the relevant amounts.
Changes in accounting estimates
As a result of the uncertainties in business activities, many items in financial statements can only be
estimated. The use of reasonable estimates is an essential part of the preparation of financial
statements. For example, estimates may be required for allowance for irrecoverable debts, obsolete
inventory, the useful lives of depreciable assets, and warranty obligations.
An estimate may need to be revised if changes occur in the circumstances on which the estimate was
originally based or as a result of new information. The revision of an estimate does not relate to prior
periods and is, therefore, not the correction of an error. The effect of a change in an accounting
estimate should be included in the statement of profit or loss or, where it relates to changes in assets
and liabilities, by adjusting the carrying value of the relevant asset, liability or equity item.
The nature and amount of the change in the accounting estimate, which has an effect on the current
and is expected to affect future periods, should be disclosed in the financial statements.
International Accounting Standards
20
Dealing
with errors
The standard recognises that errors can arise in respect of the recognition, measurement,
presentation or disclosure of items within financial statements. Errors are defined as: ‘omissions from,
and misstatements in, the entity’s financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a
failure to use, or misuse, reliable information that:
•
was available when those financial statements for those periods were authorised for issue;
and
•
could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation
and presentation of those financial statements.
Errors in this context could be mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies,
oversights, the misinterpretation of facts, or fraud.
The general principle is that the entity must correct material errors from prior periods retrospectively in
the first set of financial statements authorised for issue after their discovery. Thus, comparative
amounts from prior periods must be restated, subject to the practicalities of calculating the relevant
amounts.
In the notes to the financial statements, the entity should disclose the nature of the prior period error
and the amount of the correction.
International Accounting Standards
21
IAS 10: Events after the
reporting period
These are events, either favourable or unfavourable, that occur between the end of the reporting
period, and the date on which the financial statements are authorised for issue. They may occur as a
result of information which becomes available after the end of the period, and therefore need to be
disclosed in the financial statements.
The key is the point in time at which changes to the financial statements can be made. Once the
financial statements have been approved for issue by the board of directors they cannot be altered.
For example, the financial statements are prepared up to 31 December and are approved for issue by
the board of directors on 30 April in the following year. Between these two dates, changes resulting
from events after 31 December can be disclosed in the financial statements.
The standard distinguishes between two types of events:
Dostları ilə paylaş: