Proposition 4.1.
[6, Proposition 3, paragraph 3]. Let A be a Rickart *-ring and
x
A
.
There exists a unique projection
e
such that (1)
xe
x
=
, and (2)
0
xy
=
iff
0
ey
=
. Similarly,
there exists a unique projection
f
such that (3)
fx
x
=
, and (4)
0
yx
=
iff
0
yf
=
. Explicitly,
({ })
(1
)
R
x
e A
=
−
and
({ })
(1
)
L
x
A
f
=
−
. The projections
e
and
f
are minimal in the
properties (1) and (3), respectively. We write
( )
e
RP x
=
,
( )
f
LP x
=
, called the right
projection and the left projection of
x
.
It is known that any C*-algebra can be isomorphically embedded into some
(
)
B H
.
Namely, there is an isomorphism of a C*-algebra onto a uniformly closed C*-subalgebra in
(
)
B H
, for some complex Hilbert space
H
. On the other hand, if
(
)
A
B H
be a real C*-
algebra, then it is also known that there is a real Hilbert space
r
H
with
,
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
r
r
r
r
r
H
H
H
A
B H
B H
iB H
B H
i
+
=
+
=
.
Proposition 4.2.
The real C*-algebra
(
)
r
B H
is a Rickart real C*-algebra. Explicitly, if
(
)
r
x
B H
then
( )
LP x
is the projection on the closure of the range of
x
, and
1
( )
RP x
−
is the
projection on the null space of
x
(i.e.
1
( )
* (
)
r
RP x
x
H
⊥
−
).
If A is a Rickart *-ring and B is a *-subring of A, then B need not be a Rickart *-ring: an
obvious example is when B has no unity element (it's obvious that a Rickart *-ring always has
a unity element), but adjoining a unity element may not be a remedy (we will show it below).
There is, nevertheless, a useful positive result.
43
www.
kokanduni.uz
Proposition 4.3.
[6, Proposition 8, paragraph 3]. Let A he a Rickart *-ring and let B be a
*-subring such that (1) B has a unity element, and (2)
x
B
implies
( )
RP x
B
. Then B is also
a Rickart *-ring.
Theorem 4.1.
There exists a Rickart real C*-algebra whose projection lattice is not
complete.
Definition 4.1.
A Bear *-ring is a *-ring A such that, for every nonempty subset
S
A
,
( )
R S
gA
=
for a suitable projection
g
. It follows that
( )
( *)*
(
)*
L S
R S
hA
Ah
=
=
=
for a
suitable projection
h
.
The relation between Rickart *-rings and Baer *-rings is the relation between lattices
and complete lattices:
Proposition 4.4.
[6, Proposition 1, paragraph 4]. The following conditions on a *-ring A
are equivalent:
(a) A is a Baer *-ring;
(b) A is a Rickart *-ring whose projections form a complete lattice;
(c) A is a Rickart *-ring in which every orthogonal family of projections has a supremum.
Definition 4.2.
A (complex) C*-algebra that is a Bear *-ring will be called a AW*-algebra.
A real C*-algebra that is a Bear *-ring will be called a real AW*-algebra.
By Theorem 4.1 and Proposition 4.4 we obtain
Corollary 4.1.
A real AW*-algebra is a Rickart real C*-algebra, but the converse is not
true, i.e., a Rickart real C*-algebra doesn't need to be a real AW*-algebra.
Corollary 4.2.
The algebra B from the Example above is a Rickart real C*-algebra, but by
Theorem 3.1 it is not a real W*-algebra.
References:
1.
C.E. Rickart, Banuch algebras with an adjoint operation. Ann. of Math. (2) 47, (1946),
528-550.
2.
I. Kaplansky, Projections in Banach u/(jehra.s. Ann. of Math. (2) 53, (1951), 235-249.
3.
I. Kaplansky, Algebras of type I. Ann. of. Math. (2) 56, (1952), 460-472.
4.
I. Kaplansky, Modules over operator algebras. Amer. J. Math. 75, (1953), 839-858.
5.
B.-R. Li, Real operator algebras. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. (2003), 241p.
6.
S.K. Berberian, Baer *-rings. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
–
Heidelberg
–
N.Y. 1972.
7.
Sh.A. Ayupov, A.A. Rakhimov, Real W*-algebras, Actions of groups and Index theory
for real factors. VDM Publishing House Ltd. Beau-Bassin, Mauritius. ISBN 978-3-639-29066-0,
(2010), 138p.
8.
Sh.A. Ayupov, A.A. Rakhimov, Sh. M. Usmanov, Jordan, Real and Lie Structures in
Operator Algebras. Kluwer Academic Publishers, MAIA, Vol.418, (1997), 235p. DOI:10.1112/
S0024609398305457.
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