Kokanduni uz

Eukaruots:
These include fungi, algae (green, red, brown, diatom, pyrrhophyte, 
suglenophyte, yellow gold, various diatoms) and all higher plants, animals and humans. Cells 
and tissues of eukaryotes 10 -
100 µm in size. The cell has a developed nucle
us, which contains 
chromosomes. Chromosome consists of DNA and histone protein. Histone is composed of 
many amino acids. Cell cytoplasm of eukaryotes contains cell organelles - mitochondria and 
plastids, Golgi apparatus. Protoplasm moves around the center of the cell or in a straight line. 
The cell wall consists of chitin or cellulose.
These include variously developed reproductive organs, during the sexual process, a 
diploid nucleus is formed as a result of the addition of a nucleus (from the Greek. diplos- 

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secondary, more than twice) and a haploid nucleus is formed from the division of the added 
nucleus (from the Greek, haplos divided) will be In the cell of eukaryotes, soda performs the 
task of moving along the undulipod, which is located with the help of special bodies 
(kinetosome). 
Plant nutrition
: The world of plants is divided into genoforms and autotrophs 
depending on their nutrition. According to modern scientists, the oldest form of nutrition is 
heterotrophic nutrition.
The body of the initially formed heterotrophic nutrition is complex. It did not have cell 
parts like those of modern organisms. A simple cell is fed by ready-made organic matter. Such 
nutrition is called saprophytic (Greek sapros - humus, trophic nutrition). All animals, fungi, 
single-celled organisms, bacteria and some algae are saprophytes. Currently, most scientists 
recommend that fungi be separated from the plant world, because they do not have motile 
cells during their life. However, given some of the characteristics of fungi: non-stop cell 
growth, reproduction, and their similarity to bottom plants, they are studied by transplanting 
them into plants. The evolution of fungi begins with unicellular eukaryotes. Most 
representatives of fungi are mainly saprophytes and feed on decaying organic matter. They 
break down organic substances, exchange substances in nature, and ecological balanceis an 
important biological catalyst in storage. In the process of decomposition, organic matter 
releases atmospheric carbon dioxide gas and supplies the soil with nitrogenous compounds. 
Nutrition of higher plants with the participation of fungi is called mycotrophic (Greek-mycos-
fungus) nutrition. Parasites (Greek: parazitos-tekinkhur) are also found among heterotrophic 
feeding plants and fungi.
They live at the expense of plants and animals. For example, among flowering plants, 
sedge, ivy, sedge; Among the fungi, black moth and rust fungi belong to free-parasitic feeders. 
Among the plants, there is also a mixed myxotrophic (from the Greek mixis - mixed) nutrition. 
Such organisms, in addition to the organic matter produced by photosynthesis, also feed on 
ready-made organic matter. Such a phenomenon can be found in euglena, a representative of 
green algae. In a slow and long process of evolution, the first photosynthetic autotrophic (self-
feeding) organisms appeared on Earth about 3.4 billion years ago. The origin of life on Earth 
depends on autotrophic organisms. The cells of early autotrophic organisms were simpler 
compared to modern autotrophs but more complex compared to heterotrophs. The cell of 
autotrophic plants contains the pigment chlorophyll (chromatophore), which gives it a green 
color. All green plants that have chlorophyll or chromatophore in their cells absorb carbon 
dioxide from the air, and in the process of assimilation, they obtain the energy needed to form 
organic matter from inorganic substances from sunlight.
Part of the oxygen released due to the process of photosynthesis turns into azone (03) in 
the atmosphere, and it does not send the ultraviolet rays released from sunlight to the earth. It 
allows living organisms to develop here. In addition, the plant breathes from the amount of 
oxygen it releases. There are other types of autotrophic organisms that live underground in 
total darkness. Such organisms are called chemotrophic organisms. Chemotrophic organisms 
get the energy they need for food. This is called chemosynthesis. Chemosynthesis was first 
introduced in science by the Russian scientist S.N. Discovered by Vinogradsly (1887). 
Chemotrophic plants include iron, sulfur bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 

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