newborn calves. In the milk of the crossbred cows
of the UBS with
Brown Swiss
breeds, the content
of Ca by 2.66 mg/100 g, and P by 2.12 mg/100 g
was higher than that of pure-bred cows.
Meanwhile, the ratio of these elements at the
crossbred cows was slightly superior to pure-
breed analogues (1.31:1 versus 1.30:1) as
presented in Table 2. The crossbred cows of URS
with Montbeliarde breeds exceeded pure-breed
ones in the content of Ca and P in milk by 8.83
and 7.81 mg/100 g, respectively. They also had a
greater ratio of Ca:P (1.33:1 to 1.32:1).
K and Na salts are contained in milk in the
ionic-molecular state in the form of chlorides,
phosphates and citrates. They have great
physiological significance providing a certain
amount of osmotic pressure of blood and milk,
which is necessary for normal livelihoods
(Cashman, 2006; Zamberlin et al., 2012). The
content of K and Na in milk of crosses was
somewhat more of their content in milk of pure-
breed analogues. Thus, in the milk of the UBS
with Brown Swiss breeds, their content was by
9.08 and 4.76 mg/100 g more, and at the URS and
Montbeliarde breeds ones their content was by
5.68 and 0.71 mg/100 g higher than that of pure-
breed UBS and URS cows respectively.
It is known that S plays a vital role in the
human body, since it participates in all, without
exception, metabolic processes in the body.
Equally important functions of S are stabilization
of blood glucose level, anti-allergic action,
oxygen balance maintenance, blood coagulation,
resistance to radioactive emissions, etc (Tripathi
et al., 1999). The content of S in milk of pure-
bred UBS cows was 0.19 mg/100 g, and exceeded
its content at the crosses with
Brown Swiss
breeds. In the meanwhile, the crosses of URS with
Montbeliarde breeds, on the contrary, the content
of S was 0.31 mg/100 g higher than at pure URS
analogues. The content of Mg in milk, which is
responsible for the development of immunity and
resistance to intestinal diseases in the body, UBS
cows somewhat dominated the crossed with
Brown Swiss
breeds analogues – by 0.06 mg/100
g. The crosses of URS and Montbeliarde breeds
cows had the content of Mg in milk higher by
0.56 mg/100 g than at pure URS cows.
When analyzing the content of certain EAAs
in the milk of cows of the studied breeds, it can be
known that the largest absolute amount belongs to
leucine 0.291-0.322 g/100 g of milk, which is an
integral part of casein, phenylalanine+tyrosine
(0.285-0.317 g/100 g of milk) and lysine of 0.183-
0.214 g/100 g of milk, and the minimum
methionine+cystine (0.100-0.131 g/100 g of milk)
as presented in Table 3. In the milk of crossbred
cows, somewhat higher levels of EAA content
were observed in 100 g of protein, with the
exception of only leucine, whose content at UBS
Amino Acid Mineral of Milk from Ukranian Cows (A. A. Borshch et al.)
241
Table 1. Productivity, Composition and Technological Properties of Milk at Cows of Different
Genotypes
Indicators
Breed
UBS
UBS x
Brown
Swiss
URS
URS x
Montbeliarde
n=10
n=10
n=10
n=10
Milk yield per 305 days
of lactation, kg
6302.81±33.29
6196.36±28.43
***
6478.20±38.31
6259.84±33.72
***
Mass fraction of fat,%
3.74± 0.03
3.82± 0.09
3.73± 0.05
3.89±0.06
***
Mass fraction of
protein,%
3.03± 0.02
3.18± 0.03
***
3.16± 0.04
3.38±0.03
***
Fat + protein has been
synthesized per
lactation, kg
426.69±11.42
433.73±14.36
446.34±12.59
455.08±16.27
***P<0.001 as compared with UBS and UBR groups. UBS: Ukrainian Black-Spotted dairy breed, URS:
Ukrainian Red-Spotted dairy breed
cows was by 0.04 g higher than the content of
crosses with
Brown Swiss
breed analogues. The
content of aromatic acids (phenylalanine and
tyrosine), which affect the taste quality of milk,
was at the level of 0.285-0.317 g/ 100 g of milk,
with a slightly lower content detected at pure
cows – 0.285 g/100 g of milk.
Among the non-essential amino acids
(NEAA), the highest content the glutamic acid
(0.564-0.640 g/100 g milk) and proline (0.243-
0.298 g/100 g milk) had, and the smallest content
the alanine had, which is able to provide a specific
taste of feed stock for cheese making
Brown
Swiss
0.063-0.080 g/100 g of milk (Shahein and
Soliman, 2014). As it is known, in 100 g of
protein of high biological value, the amount of
EAA should be not less than 40 g (WHO, 2007).
In the analyzed milk of pure-bred UBS cows and
the crosses of UBS with
Brown Swiss
breed cows
this indicator constituted 43.41 and 44.76 g, and
at URS cows and crosses of URS with
Montbeliarde breed cows (41.08 and 43.65 g),
respectively. Existing research suggest that the
mineral and AA composition of crossbred cow’s
milk, along with genetic features, is also
influenced by the climatic zone and the feed base
of a certain area.
The results of Makepula et al. (2011)
indicate that in crossbred cows Nguni and local
South African breeds protein composition as to
the content of methionine, threonine, tyrosine,
glycine and proline was lower than at the Nguni
purebred cows. Likewise, in the milk of Nguni
cows, there were higher levels of calcium and
phosphorus content in comparison with crossbred
analogues. Instead, Sun et al. (2014) and Ren et
al. (2015) in their studies conducted in the
Guangxi Autonomous Region of China noted that
the quality content of the milk of crossbred
buffalo Murrah river Buffalo x Guangxi swamp
Baffalo dominated by fat, protein and all but
cysteine, EAA purebred Murrah river Buffalo. It
is known, that cattle and buffalo are subfamily of
bulls (Bovinae), and therefore our comparison
takes place.
The results of our studies coincide with the
conclusions of Sun et al. (2014) and Ren et al.
(2015). The first generation (F
1
) of the UBS with
Brown Swiss
breeds cows and of the URS with
Montbeliarde breed cows dominated over the
pure-breed local breeds, both by mineral
composition and by the content of EAA in milk.
One of the most important components of
milk proteins is the functional group of immune-
active AAs, which, in addition form the immune
active proteins of the body, accelerate the
production of T-lymphocytes, specific antibodies,
and also have their own immunological activity
and are perspective as immune modulators (Niven
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