Liposomal vaccine formulations as prophylactic agents: design considerations for modern vaccines



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10.1186 2Fs12951-017-0319-9

Liposomal vesicle size
The factors, or parameters, affecting the function and 
potential use of a liposome-based vaccine due to their 
Table 2 PAMPs recognized by specific CLRs
Le
X
sialyl-Lewis X tetrasaccharide, Le
Y
Lewis Y tetrasaccharide, LPS lipopolysaccharide, LDNF fucosylated LacdiNAc
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)
Microorganism or classification
CLRs
Mannan
Fungi
DC-SIGN
Man-LAM
M. tuberculosis
DC-SIGN and Dectin 2
Le
X
Schistosoma mansonii and tissue ligands
DC-SIGN
Le
Y
+ LPS
Helicobacter pylori
LDNF (SP)
Fasciola hepatica
β-1,3-glucans
Fungi
Dectin 1
gp120
HIV-1
DC-SIGN
α-1,2-mannose
Fungi
Dectin 2
Glucosyl and mannosyl glycolipids
Malassezia pachydermatis and M. furfur
MINCLE
Mycobacterial cord factor
M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis


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De Serrano and Burkhart  J Nanobiotechnol (2017) 15:83 
influence in immune responses include liposome size, 
lamellarity, surface charge, fluidity of the bilayer, forma-
tion of lamellar-hexagonal bilayers and the addition of 
immunostimulatory lipids. Regarding size, it has been 
previously discussed that larger vesicles (> 2 µm) loaded 
with a tuberculosis (TB) antigen are likely to induce cell 
proliferation and low IL-10 induction, contrasting with 
vesicles around 500 nm that promoted a distinct set 
of cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) [
30
]. A study by Brewer 
et al. presented the effects on immune response differ-
entiation of large (> 225 nm) vs. small (< 155 nm) lipid 
vesicles [
31
]. Larger vesicles induced IL-12 cytokine 
production but smaller vesicles did not. Murine experi-
ments revealed that large vesicles induced T
H
1 responses 
due to increased levels of IgG2a and IFN-γ. The smaller 
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