foydalandilar. Ana shunday parkning yuksak namunasini Uilyam Kent
(1684-1748) yaratdi. XVIII asr o‘rtalaridan esa park ko‘rinishiga
romantik notalar kiritila boshlandi. Parklarda qadimiy me’morlik yod-
gorliklarini eslatuvchi, turli kompozitsiyalar, masalan, ustunli ibodat
xona,
kolonnalar, maqbaralar, pagoda va boshqakr qurila boshlandi.
XVIII
asr I yarmida barokko, II yarmida esa klassitsizm uslubi
ustuvor bo‘ldi. XVIII asr ikkinchi yarmida klassitsizm Germaniya
me’morligida yetakchi o‘ringa chiqa boshladi. Berlindagi Brandenburg
darvozasi (me’mor K.Langgans) o'zining jiddiy ko'rinishi va
tantanavorligi bilan keyinchalik nemis me’morligining o‘ziga xos
uslubiy ko‘rinishini belgilashda muhim o‘rin egalladi427.
XVII asrda bo‘lgan 30 yillik urush (1618-1648) Germaniyani
yanada tarqoqlashtirib, uning iqtisodiy zaiflashuviga olib keldi. Ana
shu ijtimoiy-tarixiy sharoitda yangicha san’at o‘ziga yo‘l ochib bordi.
Bu dastlab adabiyot va musiqada o‘zini namoyish etdi. Me’morlik va
tasviriy san’ atdagi jonlanish yuz berdi.
XVII
asrga kelib, monarxiya tuzumi mustahkamlandi. Viloyatlar
inarkazga bo'ysundirildi. Absolyutizm o‘zining mumtoz ko'rinishini
namoyon etdi. Bu mamlakatda burjua mimosabalarining rivojlanishi,
uning iqtisodiy mustahkamlanishini ta’minlab, Fransiyani Yevropaning
qudratli davlatlaridan biriga aylantirdi Bu davr "buyuk asr" (Volter)
nomi bilan tarixga kirdi. Monarxiya dvoryan va buijua guruhlariga
tayangan holda shakllanib kelayotgan buijua jamiyatinint feodalizm
bilan kurashishida kuchli qurol vazifasini o‘tadi. Milliy madaniyatda
ko‘tarilish yuz berdi. Dekart, Gassend kabi ijodkorlar yetishib chiqdi.
Kamel, Rasin, Molyer kabi yozuvchilar Fransiyani dunyoga tanitishdi.
Musiqa, tasviriy san’at, me’morchilik borasidagi yutuqlar keyinchalik
427 Histoiy o f Architecture A. D. F.Hamlin. A. M Professor o f the history o f Architecture in
the school o f Architecture,
COLUMBIA,
UNIVERSIRY, 1998
SEVENTH
EDITION.
P. 183
(
The B randenburg
G ate (German:
Brandenburger Tor
) is an lSth-cetmiiy neoclassical triumphal arch m Berlin, and one o f the best-
known landmarks o f Germany. It is built on the a te o f a former city gate that marked the start o f the road from BerKn
to the town o f Brandenburg an der HaveL It is located in the western part o f the city centre o f Berlin within Mitte. at
the junction o f Unter den Linden andEhertgtrafle. immediately west o f the Pariser Piatz. One block to the north stands
the Reichstag building that houses the German parliament
(Bundestag).
The gate is the monumental entry to Unter
den Linden, the renowned boulevard o f linden trees, which led directly to the royal City Palagg o f
the
P r u s s i a n
monarchs. It was commissioned by King Frederick William П o f Prussia as a sign o f peace and built by
architect Carl G o ttW d Lanehans from 1788 to 1791. Having suffered considerable damage in World War 11, the
Brandenburg Gate was folly restored from 2000 to 2002 by the Stiftung Deakmalschutz Berlin (Berlin Monument
Conservation Foundation).During the
post-war Partition o f Germany, the gate was isolated and inaccessible
immediately next to the Berlin Wall. The area around the gate was featured most prominently in the media coverage
o f the tearing down o f the wall in 1989, and the subsequent German reunification in 1990. Throughout its existence,
the Brandenburg Gate was often a site for major historical events and is today considered a symbol o f the tumultuous
liistory o f Europe and Germany, but also o f European unitv and peace.)
Yevropa san’ati rivojida muhim rol o‘ynadi. 1648-yili Rassomlik va
xaykaltaroshlik qirol akademiyasi, 1671-yilda esa Me’morchilik
akademiyasining tashkil etilishi san’at ravnaqida katta ahamiyatga ega
boidi. Klassitsizmning rasmiy badiiy-adabiy uslub sifatida e’tirof
etilishi san’atning ravnaq topishida muhim rol o‘ynadi.
Bu uslub
rivojlanishiga Dekart falsafasi, Gassend qarashlari tasir etdi. XVII asr
shahar va shahardan tashqarida qurilgan me’morlik majmualari, qirol
va zodagonlarning qarorgoh va saroylari, burjua boylarining uylari
klassitsizm uslubining rivojlanishida muhim omil boidi. Mashhur Luvr
saroyining sharqiy tomoni ko'rinishi, Versal saroy-bog‘ majmuasi,
ko‘plab tantanavor arklar, ko‘priklar hamda jamoat binolari qurildi.
XVII
asr fransuz me’morchiligining nafis yodgorligi Versal
saroyi
majmuasi (1603-1689) Lyudovik XIV ning qarorgoxi edi. Lui Levo
(1604-1670) xiyobon-bog‘ san’ati ustasi Andre Lenotr (1613-1700)
tomonidan boshlangan va me’mor Jyul Andruen Mansar (1646-1708)
tomonidan tugallangan bu majmua absolyutizm g‘oyalari - qirol
hokimiyatining abadiyligini aks ettiradi428. Bu g‘oya majmua
kompozitsiyasining yechimida namoyon boiadi. Ansambl markazida
qirol qarorgohi-saroyi joylashgan boiib, u tevarak atrofdagi maydonni
o‘ziga bo‘ysundiradi va yaxlitlashtiradi. Uning
atrofidagi tabiat aniq
simmetrik reja asosida tashkil etilgan. Saroyning old tomoni serjilo va
sodda, binolari esa tantanavor va sipo qilib ishlangan. Saroyning
markaziy binosida qabulxona va bal o‘tkazishga moijallab qurilgan
xonalar dekorativ bezakka boy. Saroyning markaziy xonasi - qirolning
yotoqxonasi boiib, unga boradigan zallarga nihoyatda jozibali bezaklar
bilan ishlov berilgan. Bezatilishiga alohida e’tibor berilgan. Xiyobon -
bog‘ rejaga muvofiq qatiy yagona o‘q atrofiga qurilgan, uning asosiy
xiyoboni
atrofiga favvora va
xaykallar simmetrik asosida
428 History o f Architecture AD.F.Hamlin. A. M. Professor o f the history o f Architecture in the school o f Architecture,
COLUMBIA, UNIVERSIRY, 1998 SEVENTH EDITION. P.184. (The Palace o f Versailles, or simply Versailles, is
a rovalchateau in Versaffles in the fte-de-France region o f France. It is also known as tile C hateau de Versailles.
When the chateau was built, Versailles was a country village; today, however, it is a wealthy suburb o f Paris, some
20 kilometres (12 mites) southwest o f the French capital. The court o f Versailles was the centre o f political power in
France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the roval femitv was forced to return to the capital in
October 1789 after the beginning o f the French Revolution, Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but
as a symbol o f the system o f abaobte monarchy o f the
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