M muxamedova
Сербинович П.П, Орловский Б.Й. Архитектура,- М.; Высшая
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7. Сербинович П.П, Орловский Б.Й. Архитектура,- М.; Высшая
школа, 2000. EKLEKTIZM MODERN. KONSTRUKTIVIZM. POSTMODERNIZM USLUBI ME ’ MORCHI LIGI Reja: 1. Eklektizm. Modern. Konstruktivizm. Postmodemizm atama- lariga ta’rif. 2. Yangi tipdagi binolaming funksionalligi va konstruktiv mustahkamligi. 3. Me’morchilikda qoilanilgan yangi xom ashyolar. 4. Bu uslubiy yo‘nalishlarga xos maktablar va me’moriar ijodi. Eklektika me’morchilikdagi bir yo'nalish boiib, Rossiya va Yevropada 1830-1890-yillar oraligida hukmronlik qilgan. Eklektika uslubi o‘z ichiga bir nechta uslublami jamlaydi. Misol uchun neorenessans, neobarokko, neorokoko, neogotika, neorus uslubi, neovizantiya uslubi, indo-saratsin uslubi, neomavritan uslubi kabilar shular jumlasidandir441. Eklektika orderlami o‘zida saqlab qoladi, ammo ulardagi an’anaviylik o‘zgaradi. Birgina binoda ko‘plab me’moriy maktab uslublari baravar qoilaniladi va uyg‘unlashtiriladi. Eklektika nafaqat me’morchilikda, balki dizayn va modada ham keng qoilaniladigan uslub. Eklektika termini ba’zi mamlakatlar terminologiyasida “romantizm” tarzida ham uchraydi. Sababi aynan romantik an’analar ushbu uslubga asos qilib olingan. Alohida mustaqi] oqim sifatida eklektika XIX asrda shakllandi. Bunga asosiy sabab ko‘plab tarixiy uslublaming mavjudligi va yangilarini paydo boiishi edi. Dastlabki eklektika me’moriy inshootlari salbiy qabul qilingan va ular uslub va an’analarni rad qilgan. XX asrga kelib eklektika uslubi mashhur bo‘la boshladi. Eklektikaga alohida e’tibor bilan qarala boshlandi, u me’morchilikdagi tipiklik va bir xilikka nuqta qo‘ydi. Rossiyada bu uslubning tarafdorlari ko‘p boigan. Ular qatoriga 441 A World History o f architecture. Marian Moflet, Michail W Fario, Lawrence Wodehouse. London . 2003. P.177 (Eclecticism is a nineteenth and twentieth-century architectural style in which a single piece o f work incorporates a mixture o f elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original. In architecture and interior design, these elements may include structural features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries, with the mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value.) 215 Shtakenshneyder A.L, Bikovskiy M.D., Ton К. A., Kaminskiy A. S., Kieyn R. I., Parland A. A., Pomeransev A. N., Chichagov D. N., Shreter V.A kabilarni kiritish mumkin. Bugungi kunga kelib eklektikada uslublar kombinatsiyasiga cheklov yo‘k. Orderlar va elementlaming qo‘lianilishi ulaming ma’lum bir funksiyasidan kelib chiqqan holda qo‘llanilaveradi. Shunday ekan, umuman qarama - qarshi usiublarni kombinatsiyasini ham uchratish mumkin. Eklektika paydo boiishi bilan, orderlar sistemasi asosiy me’moriy mezon sifatida mavqe’ini yo‘qotdi. Eklektikaning eng yaxshi afzalligi - ijod erkinligiga keng yo‘l ochib berganligidadir. Eklektikaga Rossiya misolida qaraydigan boisak, bu usiubda etalon hisoblangan Gamye opera binosi quriigan. Bino nafaqat tashqi ko‘rinishi bilan, balki ichki inteiyeri bilan ham kishini xayratda koldiradi. Muxtasham arkalar, pilyastrlar, katta gumbaz va interyeridagi oltindek tovlanuvchi zinalar ajoyib ko‘rinish kasb etgan. Yana bir me’moriy obyekt Berlindagi Reyxstag binosidir. Tashqi tomondan kiassik ko‘rinishga ega boigan binoning gumbazi shishadan bo‘lib, uning ichki qismida tomosha yo‘lakchalari mavjud. Skandinavaiyada ham eklektikaga yorkin misol bo‘la oladigan binolar bor. Bunga misol qilib Oslodagi opera teatri binosini keltirib o‘tishimiz mumkin. Dengiz bo‘ylab joylashgan bu bino o‘zgacha ko‘rinishga ega. Ayniqsa uning tom qismi nixoyatda g‘ayritabiiy. Amerikada esa eklektikaning eng ajoyib namunasi sifatida Nyu Yorkdagi “Vulvort” binosini aytib o‘tish joiz?42. Bino vertikal seksiyalarga bo‘lingan bo‘lib, yaruslarga ajratilgan. Yuqori qismi esa minoradan iborat. Bino XX asrda quriigan bo‘lishiga qaramay, hozirgacha Nyu Yorkning ramzi hisoblanadi. Rossiyadagi K.A.Ton tomonidan quriigan Rus-vizantiya uslubidagi Xaloskor Iso ibodatxonasi eklektikaning yorqin misolidir. 442 A World History o f architecture. Marian Moffet, Michaii W Fario, Lawrence Wodebouse. London . 2003. P177- 178 (The W oefw ortb at 233 Broadway. Manhattan. New York Citv. designed by architect Cass Gilbert and completed in 1913, is an early US skyscraper. The original site for the building was purchased b v F. W. Woolworth and his real estate agent Edward J. Hogan bv April 15,1910. from the Trenor Luther Farit Estate and other owners for $1.65 million. By January 18, 1911, Woolworth and Hogan had acquired the final site for the project, totaling $4.5 million. More than a century after die start o f its construction, it remains, at 241.4 meters (792 ft), one * National Historic LamhnaAgwM'P. 1966, and a New York Citv landmark since 1983. The W oolworth Building was designed in tbe neo-Godnc stvhsbv the architect Cass G ilbert whom Frank Woolworth commissioned in 1910 to design a 20-stoiy office building as the F. W. Woolworth Company’s new corporate headquarters on Broadway. between Park Place and Barclay Street in Lower Manhattan, opposite Citv Hall. Originally designed to be 420 feet (130 m) high, the buildmg was eventually elevated to 792 feet (241 m). At its opening, the Woolworth Building was 60 stories tall and had over 5,000 windows. The construction cost wasUS$13.5 million. With Irving National Exchange Bank Woolworth set up the Broad way-Park Place Company to finance the building, but by May 1914, had purchased all o f tbe shares from the bank, thus owning the buildmg outright. On completion, the Woolworth building topped the record set by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower as the world's tallest building) Ibodatxonada 36 ta ichki kolonna, 20 ta arka, 60 ta deraza va 12 ta tashqi eshiklari bor. Yuqoriga intiluvchan tillarang gumbazlari esa sakkiz qirrali. Fransiyada bu uslubni “ikkinchi ampir” deb atashdi. Eklektika qirol Lui Filipp davrida keng yoyildi. Tillarang dekorlar o'mini og‘ir baxmal va duxoba matolari egallay boshiadi. Buyuk Britaniyada bu jarayon 1840-1900-yillargato‘g‘ri keladi. Asosan rokoko, gotika, ingliz uslubi, afrika uslubi, hind uslubi motivlari bilan uyg'unlashadi. Neogotika va barokko elementlari qo‘shilmasidan tashkil topgan yana bir eklektika uslubidagi bino Qrimdagi Qaldirg‘och ini qo‘rg‘onidir. Eklektika uslubidagi inteiyerga to‘xtaiadigan boisak, uning o‘ziga yarasha qonun qoidalari mavjud. Misol uchun ranglar kontrast bulishi, dekorativ elementlaming takrorlinib turishi, geometriklik va liniyalaming aniqligi bu uslubga xosdir. Bu uslubda xonani jihozlash alohida san’at hisoblanadi. Mebellar shunday joylashtirilishi kerakki, ular noan’anaviy bo‘Igani holda, betartibiik ham olib kelmasligi kerak. Eklektizm me’morchilikda kelajakdagi rivoji uchun oxiri berk yulga boshladi.Shu bilan birga XIX asr kurilish materiallari va konstruksiyalarini qurilish ishlarida foydalanishda asosiy texnik jarayon bo‘lib nom olgan. Bulaming hammasi me’morlarni yangi kompozitsion va badiiy jihatlarini izlashga majbur qilgan.Ulaming oldidagi vazifasi yengil emas edi. 0 ‘sha davr me’morlarining me’morchilikdagi haqqoniy tashqi va dekorativ tushunchasi ulaming yechimini murakkablashtirgan. 1890-yillarda Yevropa me’morchiligida alohida bir oqim shakllana boshlaydi va “modem uslubi” deb nom oladi. 1910-yillargacha mavjud me’moriy amaliyotga ta’sir qilib sekin-asta rivojlangan, ammo me’morchilikda u umumiy eklektik yo‘nalishni o‘zgartira olmagan. “Modernist” -me’morlar yangi zamonaviy uslub ishlab chiqishga harakat qiladilar. Binolami haqiqatan funksional, qulay joylashtirish istagi ulami o‘z o‘mida asimmetrik hajmli kompozitsion rejalar asosida shunday binolar yaralishiga turtki bo‘ldi. Modem me’morlari deraza va eshiklaming joylashishida rang baranglikka intildilar. Ular fasadlar shishalarini ustki qismini qayta ishlab, yangi yirik umumiy va ishlab chiqarish binolarda yangi aktiv qurilish va yuza qismlar uchun mo‘ljallangan materiallardan foydalanishgan. Devorlar tekisligi ichki va tashqi tomondan har xil turdagi “bezaklar” - yengil bukilgan chiziqlar kabi ko‘rinishlarga ega bo‘lgan. Omamentlarda dengiz o‘simIiklari, sochlari yoyilgan holdagi ayollar bosh qismi, turli geometrik shakllarni ko'rish mumkin boigan. Motivlaming paydo boiishi, shu bilan birga o‘simlik va boshqalar ham Uzoq Sharq va Yaponiya davlatlarining modem uslubidan foydalanishming natijasi edi. Bu o‘rmda oxirgi b o iib Yevropa san’atiga ta’sir etadi443. Sip-silliq shakllar modem me’morchiligi va amaliy san’atida aso siy omil bo‘lmagan. Mana shu belgilar binolaming gumbazlarida, kar- nizlarida, turar joy binolarinig burchaklarida ko'rish mumkin boigan. Modemda foydalaniladigan yuza qismlar uchun moijailangan materiallar orasida - glazurlangan gisht, oq, yashil, ko‘k va boshqa turli ranglar , mozaika va smal’talar quyma keramikalar ana shunday nomianar edi. Me’morchilikda modem uslubidagi asosiy bino Vitebs va Leningraddagi Kshesinsk binolari misol boigan:. Bu ikkala bino ham 1900-yillaming boshlarida qurilgan. Vitebs vokzalida modem uslubining asosiy belgilarini aniq shakllarda koiish mumkin, bular - simmetrik boimagan umumiy kompozitsiyasi, katta vitraj oynalar omamentlami tashkil qilgan. Kshesinsk qasrida ham xuddi shu belgilami koiish mumkin, ular assimetriya va boshqalar. Ayniqsa, burchaklari sip -silliq metal! qoplamali katta shishalangan erker katta ahamiyatga ega. Modem uslubida yangi qurilish materiallari qatorida beton va temirbeton keng qoilanilgan. Bularda estetik ma’no berishga intilganlar. Shu bilan birga bu yerda ham modem vitrajlaming metal 1 qoplamasi, metall konstruksiyalardek bezaklardan va boshqa binolar uslublashtirilgan modem omamentlarga ega bo‘ lgan . 445 THE VISUAL ARTS: A HISTORY H ugh Honour, John Fleming. In memory o f John Calmann Copyright ©1982, 1991, 1995, 2000 Fleming - Honour LtAPrentice Hall Inc.ADivison o f Person EducationUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458p-199-200. P.857(M odern arch itectu re or m odernist architecture is a term applied to an overarching movement, with its exact definition and scope varying widely. The term is often applied to modernist movements at the turn o f die 20th centuiy, with efforts to reconcile the principles undertyingarchitectural design with rapid technological advancement and the modernization o f society. It would take the form o f numerous movements, schools o f design, and architectural styles, some in tension with one another, and often equally defying such classification- The is also applied to various contemporary architecture styles such as Postmodern. High-tech o r even New f!lassicai. depending on the context In art history, e revolutionary and neoclassical styles that evolved around 1800 arc also called modem. The concept o f modernism is a central theme in the efforts of 20th century modem architecture. Gaining global popularity especially after the Second World War, architectural modernism was adopted by many architects and architectural educators, and continued as a dominant: architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings into the 21st century. Modernism eventually generated reactions, most notably Postmodernism which sought to preserve pre-modem elements, while “Neo-modernism" has emerged as a reaction to Post-modernism. Notable Modem amaliy san’atga katta ta’sir o‘tkazgan. Modemistik Yüklə Dostları ilə paylaş:
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