“ME’MORCHILIK ASOSLARI” FANIGA KIRISH.
ME’MORCHILIK SOHA, TURLARI VA USLUBLARI.
Reja
1. Arxitektura atamasiga ta’rif
2. Me’morchilikda binolar qurilishida qonuniyatlar
3.
Binolar klassifikatsiyasi
4. Me’morchilikda uyg'unlashuv asoslari
5. Me’morchilik uslublari
Jahon me’morchiligi tarixini o‘rganish uning taraqqiyot qonun-
larini tekshirish, nodir yodgorliklar bilan odamlarininig his-tuyg‘u,
hayotiy tajribalarini o‘rganish, g‘oyaviy-estetik qarashlarining shaklla-
nishini bilish demakdir. Bu so‘zsiz insonga hayotiy tajribalami
boyi-
tishga, hayotga yanada keng va atroflicha yondashishga yordam beradi.
Me’morchilik tarixi odamzodning go‘zallik yaratishidagi muvaffaqi-
yatining dalilidir. Hashamatli inshoot qurish, uning barqarorligi, kuchi,
foydasini muhokama qilish asli muhandislik ishi. Keyinchalik bu
arxitekturaning asosiy ishiga aylandi. Hozirda bu eng foydali san’at va
foydali san’atning eng oliysidir. Arxitektura
tarixi turli yerlar va
davrlardagi me’morchilik uslublari, yutuqlarini,
rivojlanishning yirik
harakatlarini o‘zida aks ettirgan1.
Bo‘lg‘usi me’morlar uchun me’morchilik tarixini o‘rganish, bilish
juda muhim omillardan biridir. «Arxitektura tarixi» fanini aniqlashda,
me’morchilik o‘z oldiga qo‘ygan maqsadidan kelib chiqib, insoniyat
taraqqiyotining dastlabki davrlaridan boshlab o‘rganiladi.
Arxitektura grekcha so‘z boMib - "bosh quruvchi"
degan manoni
anglatadi. Binoni qurish san’ati, hamda majmualami jamiyat talablariga
nafaqat amaliy xizmat, balki, badiiy-g‘oyaviy jihatdan uyg‘unligini hal
qilishi kerak.
'Histoiy of Architecture AD.F.Hamlin. A. M, Professes o f the history of Architecture in the school of Architecture,
COLUMBIA, UNIVERSIRY,I998 SEVENTH EDITION.p.6. Introduction. (A history of architecture is record of
man’s efforts to build beautifully. Only when the idea o f beauty is added to that of use does a structure take its place
among works of architecture. Architecture is die most useful o f the fine arts and the noblest of die useful arts.)
P20. CHAPTER I. PRIMITIVE AND PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE.(EARLY BEGINNINGS. It is impossible
to trace the early stages of the process by which true architecture grew out of thefirst rude attempts of man at building.
The rude and elementary structures built by savage and barbarous peoples, like theHottentots or die tribes of Central
Africa, are not in themselves works of architecture, nor is any instance known o f theevolution o f a civilized ait from
such beginnings. So far as the monuments testify, no savage people ever raised itself tocivilization, and no primitive
method of building was ever developed into genuine architecture, except by contact withsome existing civilization of
which it
appropriated the spirit, die processes, and the forms).
Bino va inshootlarni qurilishida ruxsat berilgan amaliy, eng sodda
maqsadlami bevosita badiiy ijodiy uyg'unlik bilan birga hal qilinishi
kerak. Arxitektura inshootlari jamiyat madaniyatining bir boiagi
bo'lishi bilan birga, u san’at asari hamdir.
Shunday qilib, arxitektura insoniyat taraqqiyotining bir turi boiib,
uni oddiy qurilish
ishi bilan chegaralab boimaydi, lekin, uni faqat
badiiy ijod turi deb ham boimaydi.
“Har bir davrda arxitektura tushunchasi turlicha talqin etilgan. Rim
me’mori Vitruviy klassik formula bo'yicha me’morchilik inshootining aso
siy sifatini quyidagicha belgilagan:
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