Maxsus talim vazirligi samarqand davlat universiteti inson resurslarini boshqarish fakulteti

Internet-resurslar:
http//www.gov.uz
http//www. edu.uz
http//www.tseu.uz.
http//jahon.mfa.uz.
httr//www.cer.ru.
http//www.bilimdon.uz.
http//www.review.uz.
http//market.yandex.ru.catalog.xml.
http//www.wto.org
http//www.worldbank.org
MAVZULAR BO’YICHA TAQDIMOTLAR



































MAQOLALAR
__________

What Factors Affect the GWhat Factors Affect the Growth of International TradeA wide range of political, economic, and practical factors can affect the growth of international trade. Many nations have a variety of legal regulations to which businesses must conform before engaging in trade internationally, and some nations even have economic policies that strongly discourage it in favor of a more internally-focused economy. Practical concerns include the availability of resources and the ability to produce products or materials that are desirable on a global level. Communication is also important, as technology such as the Internet now allows for nearly-instantaneous communication around the world, thereby allowing businesses to market their products and services globally with relative ease.
Political policies and other government concerns, such as the relationships between trading nations, are highly important to the growth of international trade. A politically stable nation with few policies restricting international trade will likely be able to expand its worldwide trade rapidly. Political instability, however, particularly when it leads to violence, can be a major barrier to trade growth — many nations place steep tariffs on exports or imports from certain nations or industries for such reasons. While such tariffs can be used to protect fledgling industries or to place political pressure on some nations, their overall effect on international trade is often negative.
The economic condition and economic policies of a given nation are also important factors that affect the growth of international trade. It can be difficult for a business in a country suffering from a recession or depression to enter into international trade. An economically healthy nation, on the other hand, provides an excellent foundation for entry into international markets. In such conditions, it is generally easier for businesses to obtain loans and to attract investors, greatly increasing their ability to expand into global trade. The growth of this trade, then, is largely dependent on the economic condition of the nations engaged in trade on a global scale.
Rapid global communication by telephone and over the Internet is a major factor affecting international trade as well. Face-to-face meetings can be held from different sides of an ocean with video conferencing technology, for instance. Such communication technology promotes the growth of global trade by providing an easy way for businesses to market their goods and establishing a rapid method of communication between business partners around the world. In many cases, for example, it is possible to order goods or services from another country simply by filling out a form on a website.
?rowth of InThe World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body whose purpose is to promote free trade by persuading countries to abolish import tariffs and other barriers. As such, it has become closely associated with globalisation.t
The WTO is the only international agency overseeing the rules of international trade. It polices free trade agreements, settles trade disputes between governments and organises trade negotiations.
WTO decisions are absolute and every member must abide by its rulings. So, when the US and the European Union are in dispute over bananas or beef, it is the WTO which acts as judge and jury. WTO members are empowered by the organisation to enforce its decisions by imposing trade sanctions against countries that have breached the rules.
eBased in Geneva, the WTO was set up in 1995, replacing another international organisation known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt). Gatt was formed in 1948 when 23 countries signed an agreement to reduce customs tariffs.
The WTO has a much broader scope than Gatt. Whereas Gatt regulated trade in merchandise goods, the WTO also covers trade in services, such as telecommunications and banking, and other issues such as intellectual property rights.
China formally joined the body in December 2001 after a 15-year battle. Russia joined only after convincing the EU and US that it had reformed business practices, and after Georgia dropped its politically-motived veto in late 2011.
The highest body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference. This meets every two years and, among other things, elects the organisation's chief executive - the director-general - and oversees the work of the General Council.
The Ministerial Conference is also the setting for negotiating global trade deals, known as "trade rounds" which are aimed at reducing barriers to free trade.
The General Council is in charge of the day-to-day running of the WTO and is made up of ambassadors from member states who also serve on various subsidiary and specialist committees.
Among these are the Dispute Settlement Panels which rule on individual country-against-country trade disputes.
Pascal Lamy, a Frenchman and a former EU trade commissioner, became WTO head in September 2005. His campaign for the leadership focused on the developing world.
Mr Lamy said his priority would be to break an impasse over a long-awaited global trade deal, intended to cut subsidies, reduce tariffs and give a fairer deal to developing countries.
Discussions on this - the so-called Doha round of talks - began in 2001. But a breakthrough has proved elusive, with rows emerging among the WTO's key players over agricultural tariffs and subsidies.
G20 leaders called for an agreement before the end of 2008, but Mr Lamy called off a proposed ministerial meeting, citing the "unacceptably high" risk of failure. He said the worsening global economic crisis could mean there would be a better opportunity for a deal in 2009.
Mr Lamy's predecessor, Thailand's Supachai Panitchpakdi, was the first WTO director-general to come from a developing country.
The WTO has been the focal point of criticism from people who are worried about the effects of free trade and economic globalisation. Opposition to the WTO centres on four main points:

• 
  WTO is too powerful, in that it can in effect compel sovereign states to change laws and regulations by declaring these to be in violation of free trade rules.
  
• 
  WTO is run by the rich for the rich and does not give significant weight to the problems of developing countries. For example, rich countries have not fully opened their markets to products from poor countries.
  
• 
  WTO is indifferent to the impact of free trade on workers' rights, child labour, the environment and health.
  
• 
  WTO lacks democratic accountability, in that its hearings on trade disputes are closed to the public and the media.
  

Supporters of the WTO argue that it is democratic, in that its rules were written by its member states, many of whom are democracies, who also select its leadership.
They also argue that, by expanding world trade, the WTO in fact helps to raise living standards around the world.