passive-lex-to-word
:= d-word &
[SYNSEM [ LOCAL [ CAT [ VAL [
SUBJ < #subj & [LOCAL.CONT.HOOK.INDEX.PNG #png] >,
COMPS < [OPT +,
LOCAL.CONT.HOOK.INDEX #index,
LOCAL.CAT.HEAD prep & [PFORM da-form],
LOCAL.KEYS.KEY.ARG2 #1] . #rest > ] ],
AGR.PNG #png,
CONT.HOOK.INDEX.E.DIATH passive,
KEYS.KEY.ARG1 #1 ],
NON-LOCAL #nonlocal ],
ARGS < pastpart-verb & [
SYNSEM.LOCAL.CAT
[HEAD.ERG -,
HEAD.TRANS +,
VAL.COMPS < #subj . #rest >,
VAL.SUBJ <[LOCAL.CONT.HOOK.INDEX #index]>],
SYNSEM.NON-LOCAL #nonlocal]
> ].
In correspondance with the passive-lex-to-world another lexical rule is dealing with the past
participle, namely the active-lex-to-word:
active-lex-to-word
:= d-word &
[SYNSEM [
LOCAL [ CAT #cat,
AGR.PNG #png,
CONT #cont & [HOOK.INDEX.E.DIATH active]],
NON-LOCAL #nonlocal ],
ARGS < pastpart-verb &
[SYNSEM.LOCAL #nonlocal & [
CAT #cat,
AGR.PNG #png,
CONT #cont ] > ].
All past participles have two alternative interpretations, one as "passive", the other as "active"
past participle. Since in our grammar, in order to avoid the overgeneration, all participle verbs
have the feature REAL - (whereas all non-participles have the value REAL +) such a
"duplication" of lexical rules concering the participles seems to be needed. The
overgeneration was due to the "restructuring-verb-rule" (see the next chapter on
Restructuring verbs), that applied both before and after the application of the passive-lex-to-
word. By now, the situation is more or less the following one:
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past participle (e.g. "morso" [bitten])
|
--"pastpart-verb"--
(REAL -) |
|- "passive-lex-to-word" -- [is bitten by the dog]
| (AUXTYPE pass-aux) | |- "è morso dal cane"
| "d-word" (REAL +)----|
| | |- "ha morso il cane"
|- "active-pastpart-lex-to-word" [has bitten the dog]
(AUXTYPE nonpass-aux)
The “d-word” projects a verb-headed structure as a word type, since lexical rules don't work
on lexemes. STEM, HEAD, CONT, KEYS, AGR and all NON-LOCAL values are simply
passed up, while INFLECTED and REAL become “+”.
d-word
:= word & [STEM #stem,
INFLECTED +,
REAL +,
SYNSEM.LOCAL [ CAT [ HEAD verb & #1 ],
CONT #cont,
KEYS #keys,
AGR #agr ],
SYNSEM.NON-LOCAL #nonloc
ARGS < [STEM #stem,
SYNSEM.LOCAL [ CAT [ HEAD verb & #1 ],
CONT #cont,
KEYS #keys,
AGR #agr],
SYNSEM.NON-LOCAL #nonloc] > ].
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DeepThought IST-2000-30161 Page 17 (of 55)
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