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          Key words: Spinal anesthesia, complication, headache. 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 



 

 

 




 

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KAYNAKLAR

 

 



1.

 

Bridenbaugh PO, Grene NM, Brull JS, Cousins  MJ, Veering BT, Willis RJ. Central 



Neural Blockade.In: Bridenbaugh PO. Lippincot-Raven. Clinical anesthesia and 

manegement of pain. 3

nd

 ed.  NewYork: Lippincot-Raven, 1998. p.203-342. 



2.

 

Kol İÖ. Spinal anestezi altındaki spinal endoskopik girişimlerde hasta kontrollü sedasyon 



uygulamalarının karşılaştırılması (uzmanlık tezi).C.Ü Tıp Fakültesi.2002. 

3.

 



Reves GJ, Glass SA, Lubarsky DA. Non-barbutirate intravenous anesthestics. In: Miller 

RD (Ed). Anesthesia 4 

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4.

 

Tetzlaff JE. Spinal, epidural and caudal blocks. In: Morgan GE, Mikhail MS (Ed). Clinical 



anesthesiology. 2

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5.

 

Morgan GE, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ, Larson CP. Regional Anesthesia&Pain 



Management In: Morgan GE (Ed). Clinical Anesthesiology. 3

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McGraw-Hill Companies; 2002. p.253-344. 

6.

 



Erdine S. Rejyonel Anestezi. İstanbul: Nobel tıp kitabevleri, 2005:159-84.  

7.

 



Kayhan Z. Klinik Anestezi. 3. baskı. Ankara: Logos Yayıncılık, 2004:503-22,552-70,694-

98. 


8.

 

Kayhan Z. Lokal/Bölgesel Anestezi Yöntemleri, Klinik Anestezi. 2. baskı İstanbul Logos 



Yayıncılık 1997: 453-98. 

9.

 



Erdine S. Peridural Anestezi, Sinir Blokları. İstanbul: Emre Matbaacılık, 1993:178-209.  

10.


 

Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK. Handbook of clinical anesthesia (Çeviri ed.) Elar Z,  

Karcı A, Öztekin S. Epidural ve spinal anestezi, Klinik anestezi el kitabı 3.baskı. İstanbul: 

Logos Yayıncılık; 1997:239-40. 

11.

 

Wildsmith JA, McClure JH, Brown DT, Scott DB. Effects of posture on the spread  of            



isobaric and hyperbaric amethocaine. Br J Anaesth 1981;53:273-8. 


 

57

12.



 

Pitkanen MT. Body mass and spread of spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 

1987;66:127-31. 

13.


 

Hartwell BL, Aglio LS, Hauch MA, Data S. Vertebral column length and spread of             

hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine in the term parturient. Reg Anesth 1991;16:17-9. 

14.


 

Norris MC. Height, weight, and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric bupivacaine in             

the  term parturient. Anesth Analg 1988;67:555. 

15.


 

Norris MC. Patient variables and the subarachnoid spread  of  hyperbaric  bupivacaine              

in  the term parturient. Anaesthesiology 1990;72:478. 

16.


 

Hirabayashi Y, Fukuda H, Saitoh K, Inoue S, Mitsuhata H,  Shimizu  R.  Failed  spinal             

anaesthesia: cause identified by MRI. Can J Anaesth 1996;43:1072-5. 

17.


 

Hirabayashi Y, Shimizu R, Saitoh K, Fukuda H, Furuse M.  Anatomical  configuration             

of the spinal column in the supine position. I. A study using magnetic  resonance             

imaging. Br J Anaesthesia 1995;75:3-5. 

18.

 

Hocking G, Wildsmith JAW. Intrathecal drug spread. Br J Anaesthesia. 2004;93(4):568-78. 



19.

 

Callesen T, Jarnvig I, Thage B, Krantz  T,  Christiansen  C.  Influence  of  temperature  of             



bupivacain on spread of spinal analgesia. Anaesthesia 1991;46:17-9. 

20.


 

Stienstra R, van Poorten JF. The temperature  of  bupivacain  0,5%  affects  the  sensory             

level of spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1988;67:272-6. 

21.


 

Jung CW, Bahk JH, Lee JH, Lim YJ. The tenth rib line as  a  new  landmark  of  the             

lumbar vertebral level during spinal block. Anaesthesia 2004;59(4):359-63. 

22.


 

Miller RD. Anesthesia. 4 

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 ed. New York Churchill Livingstone, 1994; 1505-33. 



23.

 

DiGiovanni AJ, Dunbar BS. Epidural injections of autologous blood  for  postlumbar-              



puncture headache. Anesth Analg 1970;49(2):268-71. 

24.


 

DiGiovanni AJ, Galbert MW, Wahle WM. Epidural injection  of  autologous  blood  for        

postlumbar-puncture headache. II. Additional clinical experiences  and  laboratory            

investigation. Anesth Analg 1972;51(2):226-32. 

25.

 

Ostheimer GW, Palahniuk RJ, Shnider SM. Epidural blood  patch  for  postlumbar-             



puncture headache. Anesthesiology 1974;41(3):307-8. 

26.


 

Niedermuller U, Trinka E, Bauer G. Abducens palsy after  lumbar  puncture.  Clin             

Neurol Neurosurg 2002;104:61-3.  

27.


 

Thomke F, Mika-Gruttner A, Visbeck A, Bruhl K. The risk of abducens palsy after             

diagnostic lumbar puncture. Neurology 2000;54:768-9.  

28.


 

Moster ML, Savino PJ, Sergott RC, Bosley TM, Schatz NJ.  Isolated  sixth-nerve  palsies            

in younger adults. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:1328-30. 



 

58

29.



 

Espinosa JA, Giroux M, Johnston K, Kirkham T, Villemure  JG.  Abducens  palsy            

following shunting for hydrocephalus. Can J Neurol Sci 1993;20:123-5.  

30.


 

Kose K, Cebesoy O, Karadeniz E, Bilgin S. Eye problem following foot surgery – 

abducens palsy as a complication of spinal anesthesia. Turkey Med Gen Med 2005;7(4):15. 

31.


 

Wang LP. Sudden bilateral hearing  loss  after  spinal  anaesthesia.  A.case  report.  Acta             

Anaesthesiol Scand 1986;30:412-3. 

32.


 

Wang LP, Fog J, Bove M. Transient hearing loss following  spinal  anaesthesia.            

Anaesthesia 1987;42:1258-63. 

33.


 

Fog J, Wang LP, Sunberg A, Mucchiano C. Hearing loss after  spinal  anaesthesia  a            

related to needle size. Anesth Analg 1990;70:517-22. 

34.


 

Malhotra SK, Iyer BA,Gupta AK, Raghunathan M, Nakra D.  Spinal  analgesia  and             

auditory functions: a comparison of two size of Quincke needle. Minerva Anestesiol    

2007;73:395-9. 

35.

 

Auroy Y, Narchi P, Messiah A, Litt L, Rouvier B, Sami K. Serious complications related 



to regional anesthesia, results of a prospective survey in France. Anestesiology 

1997;87:479. 

36.

 

Vaghadia H, McLeod DH, Mitchell GW, Merrick PM, Chilvers  CR.  Small-dose             



hypobaric lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for short  duration  outpatient              

laparoscopy. A randomized comparison with conventional  dose  hyperbaric                 

lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1997;84(1):59-64. 

37.


 

Geurts JW, Haanschoten MC, van Wijk RM, Kraak H, Besse  TC.  Post-dural  puncture               

headache in young patients. A comparative study beween use  of  0.52  mm  (25-gauge)                

and 0.33 mm (29-gauge) spinal needles. Acta Anesth Scand 1990; 34: 350-3. 

38.

 

Katı İ, Demirel C, Abbasov Ü, Silay E, Coşkuner İ, Tokmak Y. İğne tipinin spinal anestezi 



komplikasyonları üzerine etkileri. Van Tıp Dergisi; 2002;9(2):47-51. 

39.


 

Reid JA, Thorburn J. Headache after spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth.1991;67:674-7.  

40.

 

Wiesel S, Tessler MJ, Easdown LJ. Postdural puncture headache: a randomized 



prospective comparison of the 24 gauge Sprotte and the 27 gauge Quincke needles in 

young patients. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40:607-11.  

41.

 

Hafer J, Rupp D, Wollbruck M, Engel J, Hempelmann G. The effect of needle type and 



immobilization on postspinal headache. Anaesthesist 1997; 46:860-6. 

42.


 

Lambert DH, Hurley RJ, Hertwig L, Data S. Role of needle gauge and tip configuration in 

the production of lumbar puncture headache. Reg Anesth 1997; 22: 66-72. 

43.


 

Ready LB, Cuplin S, Haschke RH, Nessly M. Spinal needle determinants of rate of 

transdural fluid lake. Anaesth Analg 1989;69:457-60. 



 

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44.



 

Üniver S, Özgök A, Ebil S. 24 G Sprotte ve 26 G Atracuan spinal iğnelerin elektron 

mikroskopik ve postdural ponksiyon baş  ağrısı yönünden karşılaştırılması. Anestezi 

Dergisi 1998;6:83-6. 

45.

 

Barker P. Headache after dural puncture. Anesthesia 1989;44:696-7. 



46.

 

Flaatten H, Rodt SA, Vamnes J, Rosland J, Wisborg T, Koller ME. Postdural puncture 



headache. A comparison between 26- and 29- gauge needles in young patients. 

Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 147-9. 

47.

 

Jeanjean P, Montpellier D, Carnec J, Crasquin O, Koral E, Line B, et al. Headaches after 



spinal anesthesia: prospective multicenter study of a young adult population. France Ann 

Fr Anesth Reanim 1997;16(4):350-3. 

48.

 

Despond O, Meuret P, Hemmings G. Postdural puncture headache after spinal anaesthesia 



in young orthopaedic outpatients using 27-g needles. Canadian J Anaesth 1998 Nov; 

45(11):1106-9. 

49.

 

Frenkel C, Altscher T, Groben V, Hörnchen U. The incidence of post spinal headache in a 



group of young patients. German Anaesthesist 1992; 41(3):142-5. 

50.


 

Wiesel S, Tessler MJ, Easdown LJ. Postdural puncture headache: a randomized 

prospective comparison of the 24 gauge Sprotte and the 27 gauge Quincke needles in 

young patients. Canadian J Anaesth 1993; 40:607-11. 

51.

 

Kang SB, Goodnough DE, Lee YK, Olson RA, Borshoff JA, Furlano MM. Comparison of 



26 and 27 G needles for spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery patients. Anesthesiology 

1992; 76: 734-8. 

52.

 

Tarkkila PJ, Heine H, Tervo RR. Comparison of Sprotte and Quincke needles with respect 



to post dural puncture headache and backache. Reg Anesth 1992;17:283-7. 

53.


 

Schultz AM, Ulbing S, Kaider A, Lehofer F. Postdural puncture headache and back pain 

after spinal anesthesia with 27 gauge Quincke and 26 gauge Atracuan needles . Reg Anesth 

1996; 21: 461-4. 

54.

 

Collins VJ. General and regional anesthesia. In:



 Albright G, Forster R (Eds). Principles of 

anesthesiology. 3 

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 ed. Pennsylvania: Lea & Febiger; 1993. p.1555-70.  



55.

 

Pjević M, Gvozdenović L. Postspinal headache--incidence and prognosis. Med Pregl 



1993;46(5-6):201-4. 

56.


 

Chan L, Delilkan AE. Incidence of postdural puncture headache. A prospective study of 

101 spinal anaesthetics in orthopaedic patients. Med J Malaysia 1992;47(1):20-6. 

57.


 

Rodriques AM, Roy PM. Post-lumbar puncture headache.France Rev Prat 2007 

28;57(4):353-7. 

58.


 

Fassoulaki A, Sarantopoulos C, Andreopoulou K. Is early mobilization associated with 

lower incidence of postspinal headache? A controlled trial in 69 urologic patients. Greece 

Anaesthesiol Reanim 1991;16(6):375-8. 




 

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59.



 

Cook PT, Davies MJ, Beavis RE. Bed rest and postlumbar puncture headache. The 

effectiveness of 24 hours' recumbency in reducing the incidence of postlumbar puncture 

headache. Anaesthesia 1989;44(5):389-91. 

60.

 

Andersen AP, Wanscher MC, Hüttel MS. Postspinal headache. Is 24-hour flat bedrest a 



preventive measure? German Reg Anaesth 1986;9(1):15-7. 

61.


 

Flaatten H, Felthaus J, Kuwelker M, Wisborg T. Postural postdural puncture headache. A 

prospective randomised study and a meta-analysis comparing two different 0.40 mm O.D. 

(27 G) spinal needles. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000;44:643-7. 

62.

 

Cesarini M, Torrielli R, Lahaye F, Mene JM, Cabiro C. Sprotte needle for intrathecal 



anaesthesia for caesarean section: incidence of postdural puncture headache. Anaesthesia 

1990;45:656-8. 

63.

 

Lynch J, Arhelger S, Krings EI. Post-dural puncture headache in young orthopaedic in 



patients: comparison of a 0.33 mm (29 gauge) Quincke type with a 0.7 mm (22 gauge) 

Whitacrespinal needle in 200 patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992;36:58-61.  

64.

 

Pittoni G Toffoletto F, Calcarella G, Zanette G, Giron G. Spinal anesthesia in outpatient 



knee surgery: 22 gauge versus 25 gauge sprotte needle. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 70-80. 

65.


 

Shutt LE, Valentine SJ, Wee MY, Page RJ, Prosser A, Thomas TA. Spinal anaesthesia for 

caesarean section: comparison of 22 gauge and 25 gauge Whitacre needles with 26 gauge 

Quincke needles. Br J Anaesth 1992;69:589-94.  

66.

 

Seeberger MD, Lang ML, Drewe J, Schneider M, Hauser E, Hruby J. Comparison of spinal 



and epidural anesthesia for patients younger than 50 years of age. Anesth Analg 

1994;78:667-73. 

67.

 

Lim M, Cross GD, Sold M. Postspinal headache. A comparison of the 24 G Sprotte syringe 



and a 29 G Quincke needle. Anaesthesist 1992;41:539-43.  

68.


 

Ng KO, Tsou MY, Chao YH, Mui WC, Chow LH, Chan KH. Urinary catheterization may 

not be necessary in minor surgery under spinal anesthesia with long-acting local 

anesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2006;44(4):199-204. 

69.

 

Follens I, Godts D, Evens PA, Tassignon MJ. Combined fourth and sixth cranial nerve 



palsy after lumbar puncture: a rare complication. A case report. Bull Soc Belge 

Ophthalmol 2001;29: 33. 

70.

 

Ok G, Tok D, Erbuyun K, Aslan A, Tekin I. Hearing loss does not occur in young patients 



undergoing spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2004;29(5):430-3. 

71.


 

Gültekin S, Ozcan S. Does hearing loss after spinal anesthesia differ between young and 

elderly patients? Anesth Analg 2002;94(5):1318-20. 



 

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Malhotra SK, Iyer BA, Gupta AK, Raghunathan M, Nakra D. Spinal analgesia and 

auditory functions: a comparison of two sizes of Quincke needle. Minerva Anestesiol 

2007;73(7-8):395-9.  

73.

 

Eckstein KL, Vicente-Eckstein A, Lanz E. Sexuality following spinal anesthesia. A 



retrospective study of young men (less than 55 years old). Anaesthesist 1992;41(2):63-70. 


 

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