1
THE STANISLAVSKI
SYSTEM
GROWTH AND METHODOLOGY
PERVIZ SAWOSKI
SECOND EDITION
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
3
Stanislavski- The Early Years: A Brief Chronology
4
Stanislavski’s Need for Change
5
THE METHOD OF PHYSICAL ACTIONS (1934-1938)
5
1. Units and Objectives
6
2. Through line of Actions and the Superobjective
6
3. Analysis of Text through Action
7
4. Truth, Belief and the ‘Magic If’
7
5. Imagination
8
6. Subtext
8
7. Motivation
10
8. Concentration
11
9. Relaxation
13
10. Communion
13
11. Adaptation
15
12. Tempo-Rhythm
15
13. The Physical Apparatus
16
EMOTIONAL MEMORY (1911-1916)
Phase 1: Emotional Memory-- 1911-1916
17
What is Emotional Memory?
18
Phase 2: Limitations of Emotional Memory
18
Phase 3: The American Method and Affective Memory: A Brief Chronology
20
Some Assumptions of the American Method
23
ENDNOTES
24
REFERENCES
25
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Introduction
For this discussion of the Stanislavski System, Stanislavski’s teachings during the later
period of his life will be examined first. This is where he radically changed his earlier techniques in
favor of what is now known as the Stanislavski System. The most important point of this radical
shift is in the evolution of his ‘Method of Physical Actions’ which was formed in 1933, a few years
before his death in 1938. This ‘Method of Physical Actions’ replaced his earlier techniques that
were based heavily on ‘Emotional Memory’
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as well as on long readings and analysis of the text
when rehearsing a production.
Stanislavski- The Early Years: A Brief Chronology
In June 1897 in Russia, Stanislavski and successful author-producer Nemirovich
Danchenko decided to merge their acting companies and form the Moscow Art Theatre, popularly
known as MAT. This was in response to the then current state of theatre that was, in Stanislavski’s
words, ‘hopeless’ with ‘cliched traditions’ and ‘ham acting.’
In 1898 Chekhov allowed the MAT to produce his play, Seagull. Though this production
turned out to be only a mediocre success, it became the precursor of reforms in actor training,
leading to Stanislavski’s famed ‘inner technique.’ The actors in Seagull brought out psychological
depth and searched for ‘inner truth’ (Gray 138). This was a big shift from ‘self obsessed’ or
‘audience obsessed’ actors of that time. The same year, Stanislavski was influenced by French
psychologist Theodule Ribot’s concept ‘Affective Memory.’ This concept was renamed ‘Emotional
Memory’ in Stanislaviskian terms. Later it became the main subject of controversy regarding
interpretations of Stanislavski’s System in the American Theatre.
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After trying to understand his own recent lifelessness on stage, Stanislavski wrote the first
draft for his techniques in 1909. He observed creative and talented actors and tried to find common
ground among them. From this, he started to formulate principles (including Emotional Memory)
which he felt created these great performances.
The MAT actors were initially resistant, but on Danchenko’s insistence, eventually agreed
to apply some of Stanislavski’s techniques to their performances. Stanislavski therefore formed the
First Studio in 1911, which became a laboratory for his new experiments. Among others, the First
Studio trained Eugene Vakhtangov (Stanislavski’s brilliant pupil), Richard Boleslavsky (who first
taught Stanislavski’s methods in the United States) and Michael Chekhov.
For the next few years, Stanislavski continued to direct and work with his techniques on his
actors, always trying to find the best methods of training for actors. After a while, even though the
MAT was outwardly successful, Stanislavski felt a need to reformulate his techniques in order to
renew the integrity of his System.
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