7. Motivation
Motivation or ‘will’, as Stanislavski called it, was part of a triumvirate, the other two
members being ‘feelings’ and ‘mind.' In his earlier techniques, he considered these three to be
‘masters’ or ‘impelling movers in our psychic life’ (Stanislavski, AAP 247). Stanislavski insisted that
an actor was either driven by emotions or by the mind to choose physical actions. This in turn
aroused the ‘will’ of the actor to perform the given actions. Thus, the ‘will’ became activated
indirectly through either emotions or the mind.
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The implication here was that the ‘will’ or motivation
was in the subconscious.
Richard Hornby, in distinguishing motivation from objective offers a plausible explanation.
He posits that ‘motivation’ looks backwards into psychology and the past, while ‘objective’ looks
forward towards an action. Motivation then becomes extremely important in psychological realism
which is based on subtext and hidden meanings. Interestingly enough, theatrical styles before
realism (and before psychology), Hornby notes, did not use motivation in characterization.(166).
Shakespeare’s characters, for instance, did not exist before the play, i.e., they had no history prior
to the script. Hence, they did not use motivation. The same can be said for certain avant garde and
post realistic drama. In Beckett, for instance, characters have no ‘motives,' but they do have
objectives. Motivation therefore, is a product of modern psychological influence in acting.
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8. Concentration
Stanislavski was concerned with actors getting distracted by the audience while performing
on stage. He sought ways to counteract this distraction. He however did not advocate that the actor
forget the audience, or tries to believe it did not exist. That, he felt, would be contradictory to the art
of theatre, because the audience was an important ‘co-creator’ of the performance.
Stanislavski’s main need was in finding a way to get the actor sufficiently interested in
something (for example, an object) on stage so as to not find the presence of the audience a
crippling factor. He felt that if his actors observed the object intensively enough, a desire would
arise in them, to do something with it. This would, in turn intensify the observation and help develop
an action with it.
Importantly, Stanislavski realized that actors lost control of their basic faculties on stage,
and had to be re-taught how to achieve this in public. According to Sonia Moore, on stage an
actor’s ‘natural psycho-physical union’ is broken, causing ‘paralysis of faculties’ 30). This is
especially apparent in beginning actors. Stanislavski realized this early on in his experiments:
All of our acts, even the simplest, which are so familiar to us in everyday life, become
strained when we appear behind the footlights before a public of a thousand people. This
is why it is necessary to correct ourselves and learn again how to walk, move about, sit or
lie down. It is essential to re-educate ourselves to look and see, on the stage, to listen and
to hear.
(AAP 77)
Believing rightly or wrongly that concentration was the key to ‘re-educating’ the actor, Stanislavski
created ‘Circles of Concentration’(of attention). These circles varied in size and had different
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purposes. The smallest circle of concentration was what he called ‘Solitude in Public.’ The actor, in
the center of the small circle was secure within this circle, even before large audiences. This small
circle could, then travel on stage with the actor, enveloping the actor ‘like a snail in its shell’ (AAP
82). As the circle grew larger, the actor learned to concentrate or focus on relatively larger areas of
light, still excluding whatever was not in the circle.
Stanislavski differentiated between ‘external’ and ‘inner attention’ or concentration.
External attention was directed to material or objects lying outside of the actor (as explained
above). Inner attention was based on imaginary life created by the actor that was consistent with
the given circumstances of the play. This inner attention incorporated all the five senses of the
actor. Since by nature life on stage depended on imaginary circumstances, ‘inner attention’
became extremely important to the actor.
Stanislavski also made a distinction between intellectual and emotional attention. He felt
that after intellectually observing an object, the actor needed to create imaginary circumstances
around it. This would create a ‘story’ around it, thus emotionalizing the object, which would then set
in motion the actor’s creative apparatus.
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