Milan kundera



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milan kundera - the unbearable lightness of being (1)

poetic memory
and 
which records everything that charms or touches us, that makes our lives beautiful. 
From the time he met Tereza, no woman had the right to leave the slightest impression 
on that part of his brain. 
Tereza occupied his poetic memory like a despot and exterminated all trace of other 
women. That was unfair, because the young woman he made love to on the rug during 
the storm was not a bit less worthy of poetry than Tereza. She shouted, Close your 
eyes! Squeeze my hips! Hold me tight! ; she could not stand it that when Tomas made 
love he kept his eyes open, focused and observant, his body ever so slightly arched 
above her, never pressing against her skin. She did not want him to study her. She 
wanted to draw him into the magic stream that may be entered only with closed eyes. 
The reason she refused to get down on all fours was that in that position their bodies 
did not touch at all and he could observe her from a distance of several feet. She hated 
that distance. She wanted to merge with him. That is why, looking him straight in the 
eye, she insisted she had not had an orgasm even though the rug was fairly dripping 
with it. It's not sensual pleasure I'm after, she would say, it's happiness. And pleasure 
without happiness is not pleasure. In other words, she was pounding on the gate of his 
poetic memory. But the gate was shut. There was no room for her in his poetic memory. 
There was room for her only on the rug. 
His adventure with Tereza began at the exact point where his adventures with other 
women left off. It took place on the other side of the imperative that pushed him into 
conquest after conquest. He had no desire to uncover anything in Tereza. She had 
come to him uncovered. He had made love to her before he could grab for the 


"The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" By Milan Kundera
 
109
imaginary scalpel he used to open the prostrate body of the world. Before he could start 
wondering what she would be like when they made love, he loved her. 
Their love story did not begin until afterward: she fell ill and he was unable to send her 
home as he had the others. Kneeling by her as she lay sleeping in his bed, he realized 
that someone had sent her downstream in a bulrush basket. I have said before that 
metaphors are dangerous. Love begins with a metaphor. Which is to say, love begins at 
the point when a woman enters her first word into our poetic memory. 
Recently she had made another entry into his mind. Returning home with the milk one 
morning as usual, she stood in the doorway with a crow wrapped in her red scarf and 
pressed against her breast. It was the way gypsies held their babies. He would never 
forget it: the crow's enormous plaintive beak up next to her face. 
She had found it half-buried, the way Cossacks used to dig their prisoners into the 
ground. It was children, she said, and her words did more than state a fact; they 
revealed an unexpected repugnance for people in general. It reminded him of 
something she had said to him not long before: I'm beginning to be grateful to you for 
not wanting to have children.
And then she had complained to him about a man who had been bothering her at work. 
He had grabbed at a cheap necklace of hers and suggested that the only way she 
could have afforded it was by doing some prostitution on the side. She was very upset 
about it. More than necessary, thought Tomas. He suddenly felt dismayed at how little 
he had seen of her the last two years; he had so few opportunities to press her hands in 
his to stop them from trembling. 
The next morning he had gone to work with Tereza on his mind. The woman who gave 
the window washers their assignments told him that a private customer had insisted on 
him personally. Tomas was not looking forward to it; he was afraid it was still another 
woman. Fully occupied with Tereza, he was in no mood for adventure. 
When the door opened, he gave a sigh of relief. He saw a tall, slightly stooped man 
before him. The man had a big chin and seemed vaguely familiar. 
Come in, said the man with a smile, taking him inside. 
There was also a young man standing there. His face was bright red. He was looking at 
Tomas and trying to smile. 
I assume there's no need for me to introduce you two, said the man. 
No, said Tomas, and without returning the smile he held out his hand to the young man. 
It was his son. 
Only then did the man with the big chin introduce himself. 
I knew you looked familiar! said Tomas. Of course! Now I place you. It was the name 
that did it.


"The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" By Milan Kundera
 
110
They sat down at what was like a small conference table. Tomas realized that both men 
opposite him were his own involuntary creations. He had been forced to produce the 
younger one by his first wife, and the features of the older one had taken shape when 
he was under interrogation by the police. 
To clear his mind of these thoughts, he said, Well, which window do you want me to 
start with?
Both men burst out laughing. 
Clearly windows had nothing to do with the case. He had not been called in to do the 
windows; he had been lured into a trap. He had never before talked to his son. This 
was the first time he had shaken hands with him. He knew him only by sight and had no 
desire to know him any other way. As far as he was concerned, the less he knew about 
his son the better, and he hoped the feeling was mutual. 
Nice poster, isn't it? said the editor, pointing at a large framed drawing on the wall 
opposite Tomas. 
Tomas now glanced around the room. The walls were hung with interesting pictures, 
mostly photographs and posters. The drawing the editor had singled out came from one 
of the last issues of his paper before the Russians closed it down in 1969. It was an 
imitation of a famous recruitment poster from the Russian Civil War of 1918 showing a 
soldier, red star on his cap and extraordinarily stern look in his eyes, staring straight at 
you and aiming his index finger at you. The original Russian caption read: Citizen, have 
you joined the Red Army? It was replaced by a Czech text that read: Citizen, have you 
signed the Two Thousand Words?
That was an excellent joke! The Two Thousand Words was the first glorious manifesto 
of the 1968 Prague Spring. It called for the radical democratization of the Communist 
regime. First it was signed by a number of intellectuals, and then other people came 
forward and asked to sign, and finally there were so many signatures that no one could 
quite count them up. When the Red Army invaded their country and launched a series 
of political purges, one of the questions asked of each citizen was Have you signed the 
Two Thousand Words? Anyone who admitted to having done so was summarily dis-
missed from his job. 
A fine poster, said Tomas. I remember it well. Let's hope the Red Army man isn't 
listening in on us, said the editor with a smile. 
Then he went on, without the smile: Seriously though, this isn't my flat. It belongs to a 
friend. We can't be absolutely certain the police can hear us; it's only a possibility. If I'd 
invited you to my place, it would have been a certainty.
Then he switched back to a playful tone. But the way I' look at it, we've got nothing to 
hide. And think of what a boon it will be to Czech historians of the future. The complete 
recorded lives of the Czech intelligentsia on file in the police archives! Do you know 
what effort literary historians have put into reconstructing in detail the sex lives of, say, 


"The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" By Milan Kundera
 
111
Voltaire or Balzac or Tolstoy? No such problems with Czech writers. It's all on tape. 
Every last sigh.
And turning to the imaginary microphones in the wall, he said in a stentorian voice, 
Gentlemen, as always in such circumstances, I wish to take this opportunity to 
encourage you in your work and to thank you on my behalf and on behalf of all future 
historians.
After the three of them had had a good laugh, the editor told the story of how his paper 
had been banned, what the artist who designed the poster was doing, and what had 
become of other Czech painters, philosophers, and writers. After the Russian invasion 
they had been relieved of their positions and become window washers, parking 
attendants, night watchmen, boilermen in public buildings, or at best—and usually with 
pull—taxi drivers. 
Although what the editor said was interesting enough, Tomas was unable to 
concentrate on it. He was thinking about his son. He remembered passing him in the 
street during the past two months. Apparently these encounters had not been fortu-
itous. He had certainly never expected to find him in the company of a persecuted 
editor. Tomas's first wife was an orthodox Communist, and Tomas automatically 
assumed that his son was under her influence. He knew nothing about him. Of course 
he could have come out and asked him what kind of relationship he had with his 
mother, but he felt that it would have been tactless in the presence of a third party. 
At last the editor came to the point. He said that more and more people were going to 
prison for no offense other than upholding their own opinions, and concluded with the 
words And so we've decided to do something.
What is it you want to do? asked Tomas. 
Here his son took over. It was the first time he had ever heard him speak. He was 
surprised to note that he stuttered. 
According to our sources, he said, political prisoners are being subjected to very rough 
treatment. Several are in a bad way. And so we've decided to draft a petition and have 
it signed by the most important Czech intellectuals, the ones who still mean something.
No, it wasn't actually a stutter; it was more of a stammer, slowing down the flow of 
speech, stressing or highlighting every word he uttered whether he wanted to or not. He 
obviously felt himself doing it, and his cheeks, which had barely regained their natural 
pallor, turned scarlet again. 
And you've called me in for advice on likely candidates in my field? Tomas asked. 
No, the editor said, laughing.
 
We don't want your advice. We want your signature!
And again he felt flattered! Again he enjoyed the feeling that he had not been forgotten 
as a surgeon! He protested, but only out of modesty, Wait a minute. Just because they 
kicked me out doesn't mean I'm a famous doctor!


"The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" By Milan Kundera
 
112
We haven't forgotten what you wrote for our paper, said the editor, smiling at Tomas. 
Yes, sighed Tomas's son with an alacrity Tomas may have missed. 
I don't see how my name on a petition can help your political prisoners. Wouldn't it be 
better to have it signed by people who haven't fallen afoul of the regime, people who 
have at least some influence on the powers that be?
The editor smiled. Of course it would.
Tomas's son smiled, too; he smiled the smile of one who understands many things. The 
only trouble is, they'd never sign!
Which doesn't mean we don't go after them, the editor continued, or that we're too nice 
to spare them the embarrassment. He laughed. You should hear the excuses they give. 
They're fantastic!
Tomas's son laughed in agreement. 
Of course they all begin by claiming they agree with us right down the line, the editor 
went on. We just need a different approach, they say. Something more prudent, more 
reasonable, more discreet. They're scared to sign and worried that if they don't they'll 
sink in our estimation.
Again Tomas's son and the editor laughed together. 
Then the editor gave Tomas a sheet of paper with a short text calling upon the 
president of the republic, in a relatively respectful manner, to grant amnesty to all 
political prisoners. 
Tomas ran the idea quickly through his mind. Amnesty to political prisoners? Would 
amnesty be granted because people jettisoned by the regime (and therefore 
themselves potential political prisoners) request it of the president? The only thing such 
a petition would accomplish was to keep political prisoners from being amnestied if 
there happened to be a plan afoot to do so! 
His son interrupted his thoughts. The main thing is to make the point that there still are 
a handful of people in this country who are not afraid. And to show who stands where. 
Separate the wheat from the chaff.
True, true, thought Tomas, but what had that to do with political prisoners? Either you 
called for an amnesty or you separated the wheat from the chaff. The two were not 
identical. 
On the fence? the editor asked. 
Yes. He 
was
on the fence. But he was afraid to say so. There was a picture on the wall, 
a picture of a soldier pointing a threatening finger at him and saying, Are you hesitating 
about joining the Red Army? or Haven't you signed the Two Thousand Words yet? or 


"The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" By Milan Kundera
 
113
Have you too signed the Two Thousand Words? or You mean you don't want to sign 
the amnesty petition?! But no matter what the soldier said, it was a threat. 
The editor had barely finished saying what he thought about people who agree that the 
political prisoners should be granted amnesty but come up with thousands of reasons 
against signing the petition. In his opinion, their reasons were just so many excuses 
and their excuses a smoke screen for cowardice. What could Tomas say? 
At last he broke the silence with a laugh, and pointing to the poster on the wall, he said, 
With that soldier threatening me, asking whether I'm going to sign or not, I can't 
possibly think straight.
Then all three laughed for a while. 
All right, said Tomas after the laughter had died down. I'll think it over. Can we get 
together again in the next few days?
Any time at all, said the editor, but unfortunately the petition can't wait. We plan to get it 
off to the president tomorrow. 
Tomorrow? And suddenly Tomas recalled the portly policeman handing him the 
denunciation of none other than this tall editor with the big chin. Everyone was trying to 
make him sign statements he had not written himself. 
There's nothing to think over anyway, said his son. Although his words were 
aggressive, his intonation bordered on the supplicatory. Now that they were looking 
each other in the eye, Tomas noticed that when concentrating the boy slightly raised 
the left side of his upper lip. It was an expression he saw on his own face whenever he 
peered into the mirror to determine whether it was clean-shaven. Discovering it on the 
face of another made him uneasy. 
When parents live with their children through childhood, they grow accustomed to that 
kind of similarity; it seems trivial to them or, if they stop and think about it, amusing. But 
Tomas was talking to his son for the first time in his life! He was not used to sitting face 
to face with his own asymmetrical mouth! 
Imagine having an arm amputated and implanted on someone else. Imagine that 
person sitting opposite you and gesticulating with it in your face. You would stare at that 
arm as at a ghost. Even though it was your own personal, beloved arm, you would be 
horrified at the possibility of its touching you! 
Aren't you on the side of the persecuted? his son added, and Tomas suddenly saw that 
what was really at stake in this scene they were playing was not the amnesty of political 
prisoners; it was his relationship with his son. If he signed, their fates would be united 
and Tomas would be more or less obliged to befriend him; if he failed to sign, their 
relations would remain null as before, though now not so much by his own will as by the 
will of his son, who would renounce his father for his cowardice. 


"The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" By Milan Kundera
 
114
He was in the situation of a chess player who cannot avoid checkmate and is forced to 
resign. Whether he signed the petition or not made not the slightest difference. It would 
alter nothing in his own life or in the lives of the political prisoners. 
Hand it over, he said, and took the sheet of paper. 
As if rewarding him for his decision, the editor said, That was a fine piece you wrote 
about Oedipus.
Handing him a pen, his son added, Some ideas have the force of a bomb exploding.
Although the editor's words of praise pleased him, his son's metaphor struck him as 
forced and out of place. Unfortunately, I was the only casualty, he said. Thanks to those 
ideas, I can no longer operate on my patients.
It sounded cold, almost hostile. 
Apparently hoping to counteract the discordant note, the editor said, by way of apology, 
But think of all the people your article helped!
From childhood, Tomas had associated the words helping people with one thing and 
one thing only: medicine. How could an article help people? What were these two trying 
to make him swallow, reducing his whole life to a single small idea about Oedipus or 
even less: to a single primitive no! in the face of the regime. 
Maybe it helped people, maybe it didn't, he said (in a voice still cold, though he 
probably did not realize it), but as a surgeon I 
know
I saved a few lives.
Another silence set in. Tomas's son broke it. Ideas can save lives, too.
Watching his own mouth in the boy's face, Tomas thought How strange to see one's 
own lips stammer. 
You know the best thing about what you wrote? the boy went on, and Tomas could see 
the effort it cost him to speak. Your refusal to compromise. Your clear-cut sense of 
what's good and what's evil, something we're beginning to lose. We have no idea 
anymore what it means to feel guilty. The Communists have the excuse that Stalin 
misled them. Murderers have the excuse that their mothers didn't love them. And sud-
denly you come out and say: there is no excuse. No one could be more innocent, in his 
soul and conscience, than Oedipus. And yet he punished himself when he saw what he 
had done.
Tomas tore his eyes away from his son's mouth and tried to focus on the editor. He was 
irritated and felt like arguing with them. But it's all a misunderstanding! The border 
between good and evil is terribly fuzzy. I wasn't out to punish anyone, either. Punishing 
people who don't know what they've done is barbaric. The myth of Oedipus is a 
beautiful one, but treating it like this. . . He had more to say, but suddenly he remem-
bered that the place might be bugged. He had not the slightest ambition to be quoted 
by historians of centuries to come. He was simply afraid of being quoted by the police. 


"The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" By Milan Kundera
 
115
Wasn't that what they wanted from him, after all? A condemnation of the article? He did 
not like the idea of feeding it to them from his own lips. Besides, he knew that anything 
anyone in the country said could be broadcast over the radio at any time. He held his 
tongue. 
I wonder what's made you change your mind, said the editor. 
What I wonder is what made me write the thing in the first place, said Tomas, and just 
then he remembered: She had landed at his bedside like a child sent downstream in a 
bulrush basket. Yes, that was why he had picked up the book and gone back to the 
stories of Romulus, Moses, and Oedipus. And now she was with him again. He saw her 
pressing the crow wrapped in red to her breast. The image of her brought him peace. It 
seemed to tell him that Tereza was alive, that she was with him in the same city, and 
that nothing else counted. 
This time, the editor broke the silence. I understand. I don't like the idea of punishment, 
either. After all, he added, smiling, we don't call for punishment to be inflicted; we call 
for it to cease.
I know, said Tomas. In the next few moments he would do something possibly noble 
but certainly, and totally, useless (because it would not help the political prisoners) and 
unpleasant to himself (because it took place under conditions the two of them had 
imposed on him). 
It's your duty to sign, his son added, almost pleading. 
Duty? His son reminding him of his duty? That was the worst word anyone could have 
used on him! Once more, the image of Tereza appeared before his eyes, Tereza 
holding the crow in her arms. Then he remembered that she had been accosted by an 
undercover agent the day before. Her hands had started trembling again. She had 
aged. She was all that mattered to him. She, born of six fortuities, she, the blossom 
sprung from the chief surgeon's sciatica, she, the reverse side of all his 

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