148
Containing China
tions of a greater non-Chinese system turns China into an instructive case
study intended
to illustrate a larger logic, rather than an end unto itself.
While the origins of rituals and customs are included in abundance
and are clearly significant information, perhaps the most important spe-
cific lesson for a reader to take away from this part of his or her study of
China—in particular, a young reader hoping to govern—is the lesson on
governance found near the end of the scroll. The implied message is that
the ultimate responsibility for government lies with the ruler, who would
do well to listen to both his advisors and his subjects. Shigenori clarifies
this with concluding commentary that summarizes the import of the
Mir-
ror
’s content. His first point is that Emperors Yao (traditionally twenty-
fourth century BCE) and Shun (traditionally twenty-third century BCE)
are the “archetypes of the sagely ruler” (
shōshu no hajime
), while Emper-
ors Jie (traditionally late eighteenth or early seventeenth century BCE)
and Zhou (traditionally eleventh century BCE) are the “original wicked
kings” (
akuō no moto
)
.
33
Perhaps in anticipation of the charge that the
heavens ought to have given a sign that telluric events were spiraling out
of control rather than to allow either of the latter to take the throne, Shig-
enori’s final didactic pi
è
ce de r
é
sistance is an exchange between Duke Ai
of Lu (reigned 494–468 BCE) and Confucius (551–479 BCE) that explains
the lack of celestial portents as occasioned by the complete deviation from
the Way on the part of both Jie and Zhou. Essentially, when rulers have
gone so far astray, Shigenori–Confucius suggests, the heavens are no lon-
ger bound to give fair warning of imminent change.
Scroll 2 runs from the Zhou (eleventh century BCE–756 BCE)
through the Qin (221–206 BCE). Much of the scroll revolves around im-
perial succession or governance, with the first three rulers, Kings Wen
(eleventh century BCE), Wu (reigned circa 1046–1043 BCE), and Cheng
(reigned circa 1042–1021 BCE) predictably most remarkable for their abil-
ity to take good advice. Kings Wen and
Wu both benefit from wise
council, but it is King Cheng, with his famous regent Zhou Gong (elev-
enth century BCE), who both has the most extraordinary advisor and
takes the longest to learn his lesson. In a particularly charming entry,
the specifics of Buddhist cosmology or cosmologies, but it does provide an accessible
overview.
33. Hirasawa
and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 42.
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
149
Zhou Gong teaches the young king that words have consequences: “King
Cheng was playing with his younger brother Tang Shuwu beneath a pau-
lownia tree. King Cheng wanted to play a joke, and he stripped off a
paulownia leaf and made a seal, enfeoffing Shuwu as Marklord of Ying.
When he heard this, Zhou Gong offered congratulations. When King
Cheng said, ‘I was joking!’ Zhou Gong said, ‘The Son of Heaven does
not make jokes.’ And because of this, Tang was indeed made Marklord
of Ying.”
34
Although King Cheng needs time to realize the value of his coun-
cilor, he comes to appreciate Zhou Gong’s sagacity in the end. King Cheng
outlives his mentor, and when his rule comes to an end, so, too, does a
golden age for the Zhou. The Zhou is followed by the Warring States pe-
riod (457–221 BCE), and the scroll concludes with violent entries on the
Qin and its destruction—including the third emperor’s weeklong stew-
ing alive of his conniving and traitorous advisor Zhao Gao (died 207
BCE).
35
At the same time, Buddhism continues to make scattered appear-
ances, reinforcing the links established in the first scroll. In this regard, the
most noteworthy events concerning the Buddha are his birth during the
reign of King Zhao (reigned 977–957 BCE),
36
his death in the fifty-third
year of King Mu’s reign (reigned 956–918 BCE),
37
and an omen of the
Buddha’s birth referred to in the reign of King Zhuang (reigned 696–682
BCE).
38
Further emphasizing Buddhism’s
centrality to understanding
34. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
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