The Continent as Object of Knowledge
151
household entirely in accordance with ritual propriety; he is too deferen-
tial to his own father and unable to stand up to the machinations of his
wife.
44
Xiang Yu, the conniving yet romantic warrior who attempts to
defeat Gaozu but ultimately chooses an honorable defeat and cuts off his
own head, is treated somewhat sympathetically in the text.
45
As one would
expect, the notorious Empress L
ü
likewise occupies a central position; the
account of her persecution of Lady Qi (late third century–194 BCE), a
story that was well known in Japan at the time (and a version of which is
also contained in
China Tales
), is gleefully gruesome.
46
The scroll con-
cludes with the efforts of Dowager Empress Dou (ca. 205–135 BCE), whose
appearance is followed by ominous portents. Her efforts to manipulate
the imperial succession result in brutal murders before ending in failure.
The scroll closes a few lines later with the regnant emperor’s death.
47
The fourth scroll relates the lives of the rulers from Emperor Wu (157–
87 BCE) through Gengshi (died 25 CE), lingering over images of the si-
multaneous cultural florescence and latent decadence of the later West-
ern Han. Subtle ties to the Heian court are also present in nods to the
origins of both linked verse and the Way of Kickball (
kemari
; Chinese:
44. On these events, see Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 101
and 102–4.
45. The account of their rivalry can be found in Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami:
Shōkōkanbon
, 88–99. Liu Yuan-ju has pointed out to me that the Chinese reception of
Xiang Yu is similar (personal
communication, Jun
e 2
010).
46. I propose that it is not just the particularities of her rule that Shigenori high-
lights here, but also the larger problem of women in power. After all, it is not just Em-
press Lü who causes problems with her stratagems. Combined with earlier remarks by
Shigenori on how the infamous Meixi, Daji, and Baosi “occasioned the destruction of
kingdoms and the deaths of lords,” the narrator appears to come down strongly against
the idea of having women in proximity to power (Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami:
Shōkōkanbon
, 57). A reconstructed section from
The Mirror of the East
explicitly likens
Hōjō Masako (1156–1225) to Empress Lü in the entry that records her death on Karoku
1 (1225).7.11 (Nagahara and Kishi,
Zen’yaku Azuma kagami
, 3:415). For a sense of just
how involved Masako was in the highest levels of politics, see Gomi, “Kyō, Kamakura
no ōken,” 70–72 and 86–87, and
passim
. (The point resurfaces throughout Gomi’s es-
say, but it is most clearly made in the section “Nyonin jugan,” 70–72.) Tonomura also
attributes just such a comparison to Yoritomo’s son Sanetomo (“Kamakura bushi to
Chūgoku koji,” 110). For a contemporary criticism of Masako’s position, see Nakajima,
Gukanshō
, 177–78.
47. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 119–22.
152
Containing China
cuju
).
48
Citations from the poetry of Emperor Wu, Empress Wei (died 91
BCE), and Favorite Beauty Ban (circa 48–circa 6 BCE) enhance a sense
of artistry as appreciated in the early years of the dynasty.
49
Whereas
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