156
Containing China
dynasties in the surviving portions, it seems reasonable to suppose that
the remaining dynasties were presented in a way consistent with the sur-
viving scrolls—that is, with space for Buddhist developments but trapped
in a downward trajectory.
61
In short, in the world created by the text, even
if selected moments or individuals from Chinese civilization can be out-
standing or praiseworthy, Chinese history equals a downhill journey.
Because the text is incomplete, certain questions are unanswerable—
in particular, the question of whether an ultimate underlying principle
was made clear in a final segment of or postface to the work. All that can
be said definitively is that China within the received version of
The China
Mirror
is a place that simultaneously affords validation and is going from
bad to worse. In my reading, a chronological progression serves as a scaf-
fold for the entire narrative and creates an account of temporal progress
that goes hand in hand with social or institutional decay. In other words,
decline in the end is the dominant “message.”
62
Yet I also suggest that
China is certainly not only about its own decay. Otherwise, why study it
at all?
Instead, I propose that the China(s) of
The China Mirror
are part of
a larger bifurcated—or even more fractured—narrative
of China
emerging in the thirteenth century to suit diff erent audience needs.
This is in some ways reminiscent of David Bialock’s characterization of
“China in the Medieval Imaginary,” which emphasizes the “ambigu-
ous” nature of the continent’s representation in medieval literary texts.
63
Here, however, I will focus on three texts from the 1250s and 1260s to
examine the intersection of ideas about “China” and “history” at a mo-
ment when the
bakufu
under the H
ō
j
ō
was in a stronger position than
ever before.
In this context, China
occupies multiple positions, but
61. I owe a considerable debt to Morita’s works in demonstrating how firmly em-
bedded the Buddhist developments are as a narrative strand.
62. In part, decline is wrapped up in the sources
from which Shigenori draws,
because retrospective orthodox histories relate the establishment and fall of an earlier
dynasty. Nonetheless, as noted above, Otagiri’s work decisively undermines any claim
of the theme of dynastic decline as a simple reflection
of the priorities of China-
composed source material. In other words, decline is an aspect of the tale told in
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