150
Containing China
Chinese history, Laozi (sixth century BCE) is identified as “an incarna-
tion of Kash
ō
”
39
and Confucius as “an incarnation of the bodhisattva
Jud
ō
,” subsequently rumored to have left China for Japan.
40
Confucius’s
famous disciple Yan Hui (521–circa 481 BCE) is revealed to be none other
than the K
ō
j
ō
bodhisattva,
41
while Crown Prince Jin (circa 567–circa 549
BCE) is reborn in Japan as the Kumano incarnation (
gongen
).
42
As with
the primeval figures of the first scroll, Shigenori again links “stars” of Chi-
nese civilization—most especially Confucius—to a framework that is not
restricted to China.
The abovementioned preternatural events culminate in the arrival of
Buddhism in China, where it has a hostile reception under the first Qin
emperor (circa 259–210 BCE): “Despite things being like this [the Qin
burning of books and mass deaths have just been noted], at this time, an
Indian monk arrived, bringing Buddhism. Since the First Emperor did
not believe, he [the monk] was imprisoned. A six-
zhuang
Vajra being came
and smashed the jail gates, and the monk departed.”
43
The scroll makes
short work of the remainder of the Qin, concluding with the arrival of
Liu Bang (circa 256–195 BCE) and the destruction of the Qin tombs, mir-
roring the destruction at the end of scroll 1.
A discussion of the rise of the Western Han (206 BCE–25 CE)
through Emperor Jing (188–141 BCE) occupies the third scroll. As with
the earlier scrolls, violence and war feature prominently. The central cast
of characters shrinks dramatically in number, but those who are featured
often get extensive accounts of their exploits. The three most prominent
characters are Emperor Gaozu (circa 256–195 BCE); his rival, Xiang Yu
(232–202 BCE); and his wife, Empress L
ü
(241–180 BCE). Gaozu is the
fallible hero who founds the dynasty yet cannot maintain his own
39. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 59.
40. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 60–62.
41. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 60–62.
42. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 61. Morita Tsurayuki also
calls attention to how tales of the crown prince as an incarnation suggest a transmission
“far earlier than the eastward flow of Buddhism in the time of the first Qin Emperor or
Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han” (“Jidō setsuwa to gohō riron,” 71). For an in-depth
discussion of the Chinese texts in which this schema and others like it appeared, see
Zürcher,
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