The Continent as Object of Knowledge
157
there are patterns to the forms that these take. Thus,
The China Mirror
affords a chance to see not only how
Mirror
histories evolved to serve
new
audiences, but also
how the treatment of China, especially the
theme of dynastic decline, could vary depending upon presumed medi-
eval audiences.
64
A Constellation of Chinas: Teaching
the Continent in the 1250s
To anyone familiar with
Ten Teachings
or
Notable Tales Old and New
,
these texts might seem an unlikely starting point for creating a constel-
lation of China images in medieval Japan. After all,
Ten Teachings
opens
with the following claim regarding Chinese material: “I
privileged
kana
—I did not at all exert myself with numerous brush strokes. It was
because I thought this would be easier on the reader’s eyes. As for the
topics, I relegated things Chinese to second place, and I did not widely
roam the path of [Chinese] letters. It was because I wanted things more
familiar to my listeners. I did not use pointless rhetorical ornaments; I
just collected true exemplars. I don’t aspire to the [Chinese] writing on
roadside monuments.”
65
Notable Tales Old and New
takes an even more
hard-line approach with regard to recourse to continental culture: “I did
not take a single peek at the Chinese classics or histories—[this is] the
work of the mores of [our] world. Now, with all of Japan, old and new, at
my disposal, it contains the affairs and events of conversation in the streets
64. I have decided to limit the texts under discussion to those that are primarily
prose, since opening up the field to consider verse on Chinese topics would make the
discussion impossibly unwieldy.
Similarly, I have stayed
away from collections or
“matches” framed along Wa-Kan lines. These are projects that strike me as fundamen-
tally dissimilar to narrating China as such. One of the most intriguing, if inconclusive,
English-language studies of the Wa-Kan issue remains Thomas LaMarre’s
Uncovering
Heian Japan
.
65. Asami,
Jikkunshō
, 17–18. For an alternative reading (“As
for the words I used, I
privileged
kana
; the
kanbun
-style rhetorical flourishes are few and far between”), see
ibid., 17.
158
Containing China
and alleyways.”
66
Protestations notwithstanding, however, both collec-
tions interact with “China” to a greater or lesser degree and, moreover,
do so in ways that help shed light on the imagery in
The China Mirror
and its ostensible appeal. As
Ten Teachings
is the text that tackles China
most directly, I will first consider the issue of China in it before turning
to the more circumspect representation of China in
Notable Tales Old and
New.
Ten Teachings
, a collection of
setsuwa
that appeared around 1252 with
the promise to guide young readers along a proper path, is of particular
value in ascertaining whether Shigenori’s China is representative of any-
thing beyond an individual vision. Admittedly, there is a basic difficulty
in determining whose interests the text initially represented, and conflict-
ing theories about its authorship abound. For example, Asami Kazuhiko
has made a tantalizing case for attributing the work to a Kamakura-based
individual with an eye for a warrior readership.
67
He even goes so far as
to speculate that its original “target audience” could have been the young
companions of Imperial Prince–Shogun Munetaka.
68
All of this would
mean that
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