236
Moving Mirrors
tices and degenerate teachings. Both this formal division and the con-
trasting expectations that the two texts embody will find counterparts in
the final two
medieval historiographic
Mirrors
,
the subject of chapte
r 5
.
Conclusion
Looking back at the
Mirrors
before the Mongol invasions, we see that the
genre has undergone gradual developments that continue to be relevant
for understanding the late Kamakura
Mirrors
. These include a decline
in the overt rhetoric of a specific cosmological principle that defines the
historical trajectory, a move from circular to linear ordering of the read-
er’s
experience of time, and an increasing
experimentation with the
insertion of
kanbun
or
kanbun
-like text at regular intervals. In a com-
parison
of the earlier
Mirrors
with the
two immediately post-Mongol
Mirrors
, a difference in two traits stands out: the use of a temple as set-
ting and the focus on the past as legible in terms of cosmological logic as
subject matter. In
Watchman
and
The Mirror of the East
, these two ele-
ments are disaggregated. The latter retains the commitment to narrat-
ing the past, while the former assumes the rhetorical trappings of the
temple setting.
Despite the two diff erent forms taken by the late thirteenth-century
Mirrors
, their shared indifference to any specific rhetoric of principles is
significant and deserves a bit more examination. In chapte
r
3, the look at
Jien’s
My Humble Thoughts
suggested some of the potential difficulties
with “principle” rhetoric. One particular stumbling block appeared to be
the challenge involved in producing a coherent yet sufficiently flexible
principle-based discursive framework for a project more complicated than
an effort to provide an alternative trajectory to final age decline. For
The
Mirror of the East
, it is possible to postulate two elements that render
“principle” rhetoric superfluous. First, as noted above, if “principles” rhe-
toric is most effective as an antidote to apocalyptic concerns, quite sim-
ply,
The Mirror of the East
does not seriously engage in a discourse of de-
cline. Second, its world is clearly subject to cosmological principles, even
if they are never named as such. But the principles are precisely those that
sunk Jien’s text into chaos—a world in which the will of the
kami
and
The Past in the Wake of the Mongols
237
buddhas is determinative, but in which these forces are also amenable to
persuasion. As
My Humble Thoughts
demonstrated, this relationship does
not readily yield a clear one-size-fits-all principle for interpreting histori-
cal development or establishing a clear authoritative trajectory.
This is still more noteworthy in the case of
Watchman
, precisely
because it clearly rests on notions that there are rules for the views that it
espouses. Yet rather than relying on “principles,” Arifusa’s rhetoric is based
on the notion of “propriety” (
gi
) that governs the Way of Poetry and other
laudable practices, as well as the “violations” (
ayamari
) that imperil them.
But the term principle (
dōri
) does not occur even once. This may be
because despite Arifusa’s frequent references to the final age, he does not
offer a way out, as it were. Or it may be that a more abstract principle-
based rhetoric would have blunted his
ability to make very specific,
pointed attacks. As Jien’s writing demonstrates, a proliferation of princi-
ples does not necessarily result in a more effective set of tools.
The obsolescence of principle rhetoric within the
Mirrors
even in a
world that was still believed to be subject to cosmological logic was nei-
ther temporary nor limited. In the historiographic
Mirrors
that appear in
the Muromachi period, there is no sign of this rhetoric at all, with the
result that what sets a
Mirror
apart from other historiographic modes of
writing becomes increasingly unclear. Nevertheless, even as the
Mirror
will cede its primacy over the historiographic landscape, as an authorita-
tive voice, it has clearly arrived. These developments and their outcome
can best be understood in the larger context of the wars, reshufflings of
power, and instability that beset the Ashikaga shogunate, to which chap-
te
r 5 t
urns.
Main texts (in chronological order)
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