O‘zMU xabarlari Вестник НУУз ACTA NUUz
FILOLOGIYA
1/4/1 2023
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synonymy as a mental-linguistic category, but only as a purely
linguistic phenomenon, studying synonyms in a language as a
frozen system, an adequate definition of synonymy was not
formulated that would correspond to their natural functioning
in speech.
The objectivist theory of knowledge assumes thinking
with abstract symbols that get their meaning through
correlation with entities and categories in the world,
knowledge is presented as a correct, clear categorization and
conceptualization of things and a
reflection of the objective
connections between these things. At the same time, the world
is completely independent of the subject who knows it, it
exists independently, regardless of human knowledge.
Linguistic meanings are based on the correspondence between
words and the world, either directly referring to the objects of
reality, or through concepts as symbols used in thinking.
Such an idea of the relationship between language and
the world explains the attempt of linguists to create an ideal
category, absolute, not allowing discrepancies, not allowing
synonymy. The desire to present a language as a set of
algorithmic rules and schemes, without resorting to any
cognitive ability, seems implausible, since the language cannot
ignore the
general cognitive apparatus, and the mind and
language cannot use different types of categorization.
Therefore, the classical theory of categories is recognized as
untenable, first of all, in the study of natural language, and
mainly in the study of mental and linguistic activity.
At the basis of synonymy, as well as at the basis of
human cognition of the world, there is a process of
categorization, since it is natural for a person to compare
everything with everything, respectively,
the similarity and
difference between objects is established in the process of
comparison. In the process of nominative activity of one or
another object of reality, a person identifies certain properties
and signs in it, while comparing with other objects already
known to him, i.e., trying to attribute him to some category.
In speech, words that are close in meaning appear on
the basis of the categorization process, and, according to S. V.
Lebedeva, one can speak both of collective categorization,
carried out on the basis of highlighting more significant
features developed by public consciousness, and of individual
- highlighting signs that are significant for each individual
person. “In the human lexicon, there is undoubtedly a specific
scale of commonality and difference,
which differs from the
usual understanding from the point of view of the language
system”. This explains the discrepancy between the members
of the synonymic series, fixed by the dictionary, and the
selection of words as synonymous in the mind of the
individual. For example, the synonymic row for the word lazy
in Evgeniev’s dictionary: sloth, loafer, couch potato, bobak,
loafer, and the individual, taken from our experiment, looks
like this: mattress, loafer, amoeba, blockhead, loafer, inert,
lack of initiative, slob, parasite.
Synonymous connections
arise in the area of
intersection of several categories, in the zone of semantic
proximity. Thanks to the main cognitive mechanisms for the
generation and perception of knowledge, including the
processes of categorization, lexicalization (linking concepts
with verbal means of expression and fixing in memory the
results obtained through the categorization process) and the
actualization process (retrieving the right words, meanings and
knowledge from memory), the word is able to not only replace
or
represent real objects, create associations, but also analyze
the properties of an object, introduce them into a system of
complex relationships.
Highlighting the corresponding properties of the
designated object, the word refers them to already known
categories. “Such a distracting or abstracting, generalizing and
analyzing function of the word we call categorical meaning”.
So, for example, the words thin, tall, skinny, overscraper,
strawberry, gaunt, dry-fly, emaciated, attenuate,
denoting a
thin person, are built on the basis of associations of various
categories. These words will intersect according to the features
underlying the nomination: in form, in quality, in the
properties of the characterized object, and which category this
feature will be associated with depends on the characteristics
of the individual's consciousness.
In speech, we do not operate with the meanings of
words as a stable system of generalized meanings that are the
same for all people of a certain nation, but use "meaning" as
an individual meaning of a word that is related to the moment
of speech, to a certain situation. L. Wittgenstein's theory of the
organization of natural categories according to the principle of
"family resemblance" allows us to conclude that the concept
of language and its reality is a fiction. Language activity in
any natural area resembles a game, which in different
situations is built according to different rules. “Language
games” mainly use the same language, but to achieve a variety
of subjective goals, therefore they differ on the basis of lexical
meanings (lexical meanings
acquire different meanings
depending on the situation and context), but at the same time
they are built according to the general grammatical laws of a
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