Instructions for ispacs 2003 Camera-Ready Manuscript

Journal of Research and Innovation in Language
 
Available online at: 
 
http://ojs.journal.unilak.ac.id/index.php/reila
Vol. 1, No. 3, December 2019, pp. 111-117
115 
In general, people cooperate (and assume each 
other's cooperation) in maintaining face in interaction, 
such cooperation is based on the mutual vulnerability 
of face". Brown and Levinson (1987:63). Goffman 
published the article ‘On Face Work' in 1963, in 
which he first made the term 'face’. "Face is a mask 
that changes depending on the viewer and social 
interaction," he says. He addresses face concerning 
how people present themselves and explains that our 
social interactions influence our entire identity. The 
face is divided into two groups by Goffman (1963), 
namely positive face and negative face. He describes 
a positive face as the urge to be seen as the right 
person and a negative one as an autonomous desire. 
He also states that the mask is maintained by the 
listener, not the speaker. 
In communicative cases, the term is universal but 
is used in specific cultures. It is characterized 
psychologically, philosophically and symbolically as 
"the positive social value that an individual effectively 
claims for himself following the line that others have 
adopted during a particular contact." Face generally 
involves mutual recognition of the interlocutors as 
social members of society. The face can be lost, 
preserved 
or 
strengthened 
and 
communicate 
continuously (Goffman, 1963).In politeness theory, 
the concept of face has come to play an important role. 
Therefore, Brown and Levinson (1978) have chosen it 
as the central notion for their study of universals in 
language usage and politeness phenomena, based on 
earlier work on the face by Goffman (1963). In their 
research, Brown and Levinson (1978) described the 
idea of the face as "the public self-image that each 
individual wants to claim for themselves" and 
clarified the face as something emotionally engaging 
and that the face can be lost. It preserved or 
strengthened and that the relationship needs to be 
continuously attended to and accepted in some 
respects. Brown and Levinson (1978 and 1987) have 
been saying, in their study of politeness, that we are 
all driven by two wishes: positive face and negative 
face. The analysis, therefore, considers that the 
negative aspect relates to autonomy: freedom from 
coercion and fundamental claim to territories, 
personal protection, and the right to non-distraction, 
i.e. freedom of action and free imposition.