and independent spirit of the rankandfile of its members but
rather in the spirit of willing obedience with which they follow
their intellectual leaders. What is of decisive importance is the
leadership itself. When two bodies
of troops are arrayed in
mutual combat victory will not fall to that side in which every
soldier has an expert knowledge of the rules of strategy, but
rather to that side which has the best leaders and at the same time
the best disciplined, most blindly obedient and best drilled
troops.
That is a fundamental piece of knowledge which we must always
bear in mind when we examine the possibility of transforming a
philosophy into a practical reality.
If we agree that in order to carry a philosophy into practical
effect it must be incorporated in a fighting movement, then the
logical consequence is that the programme of such a movement
must take account of the human material at its disposal. Just as
the ultimate aims and fundamental principles must be absolutely
definite and unmistakable, so the propagandist programme must
be well drawn up and must be inspired by a keen sense of its
psychological appeals to the minds of those without whose help
the noblest ideas will be doomed to remain in the eternal, realm
of ideas.
If the idea of the People's State, which is at present an obscure
wish, is one day to attain a clear and definite success, from its
vague and vast mass of thought it will have to put forward certain
definite principles which of their very nature and content are
calculated to attract a broad mass of adherents; in other words,
such a group of people as can guarantee that these principles will
be fought for. That group of people are the German workers.
That is why the programme of the new movement was condensed
into a few fundamental postulates, twentyfive in all. They are
meant first of all to give the ordinary man a rough sketch of what
the movement is aiming at. They are, so to say, a profession of
faith which on the one hand is meant to win adherents to the
movement and, on the other, they
are meant to unite such
adherents together in a covenant to which all have subscribed.
In these matters we must never lose sight of the following: What
we call the programme of the movement is absolutely right as far
as its ultimate aims are concerned, but as regards the manner in
which that programme is formulated certain psychologica1
considerations had to be taken into account. Hence, in the course
of time, the opinion may well arise that certain principles should
be expressed differently and might be better formulated. But any
attempt at a different formulation has a fatal effect in most cases.
For something that ought to be fixed and unshakable thereby
becomes the subject of discussion. As soon as one point alone is
removed from the sphere of dogmatic certainty, the discussion
will not simply result in a new and better formulation which will
have greater consistency but may easily lead to endless debates
and general confusion. In such cases the question must always be
carefully considered as to whether a new and more adequate
formulation is to be preferred, though it may cause a controversy
within the movement, or whether it may not be better to retain
the old formula which, though probably not the best, represents
an organism enclosed in itself, solid and internally homogeneous.
All experience shows that the second
of these alternatives is
preferable. For since in these changes one is dealing only with
external forms such corrections will always appear desirable and
possible. But in the last analysis the generality of people think
superficially and therefore the great danger is that in what is
merely an external formulation of the programme people will see
an essential aim of the movement. In that way the will and the
combative force at the service of the ideas are weakened and the
energies that ought to be directed towards the outer world are
dissipated in programmatic discussions within the ranks of the
movement.
For a doctrine that is actually right in its main features it is less
dangerous to retain a formulation which may no longer be quite
adequate instead of trying to improve it and thereby allowing a
fundamental principle of the movement, which had hitherto been
considered as solid as granite, to become the subject of a general
discussion which may have unfortunate consequences. This is
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