5 Considerations when planning the instruction of early reading Early literacy pr
ograms should build on students’ prior knowledge, culture and language
experiences in their home and community. Instruction can offer students choice at times and
encourage a sense of agency in learning to read. Effective instruction further motivates and
engages students in reading and development of self-efficacy. For young students in particular,
self-efficacy is the largest motivator . When children are good at something, they are motivated
to do it. Instruction that develops students’ word reading compe
tence increases their motivation to
read. In addition to this direct instruction to gain efficiency in foundational word reading skills,
students should recognize themselves in early reading experiences, in the literacy environment in
the classroom, and in their broader physical surroundings, while also having the opportunity to
enjoy reading about diverse cultures and communities.
Starting with a belief that all students are capable of learning to read, educators should approach
reading instruction with the intent to systematically teach foundational reading skills within a
purposeful and meaningful context . Educators should use evidence-based resources that map
out a scope and sequence of skills and associated phonological and strategy-based instruction to
guide their planning and instruction of early reading. Educators should also recognize that students
have various learning needs. To promote growth, the focus of activities in early reading programs
should be adapted as students progress with their reading skills.
Differentiation can be particularly important for some students including English language
learners and multilingual learners. While these students are learning the language of instruction
and developing vocabulary, they should be encouraged to develop and/or maintain proficiency in
their first and other languages. For most students, language skills (including phonological and
phonics knowledge, and conceptual knowledge) are somewhat transferable from one language to
another. Phonics and proficient writing skills in a first language are most likely to transfer between
other alphabetic languages.