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●
the less frequent associations with c (e.g., circle) or g (e.g., giant)
●
a difficult consonant blend (e.g., tr, str)
●
a complex rime pattern (e.g., light, bright, might)
Focus on the pattern being taught, provide students with a set of letters, and guide readers to
make as many words as possible. For example, for “bl” and “sl” blends, provide b, l, s, I ,n, d, e,
o, a, c, k , p, and t. Students can then make black, bloom, blue, blind, sleep, slack, slot, slit, etc.
Choose a commonly used suffix such as “ed”:
●
introduce the meaning.
●
demonstrate the change in tense with examples.
●
introduce the different pronunciations of the “ed” suffix, and provide examples of
commonly used words with different “ed” sounds
at the end
(e.g., ended, greeted
–
/ed/; played, closed, used
–
/d/; fished, puffed, kicked
–
/t/).
Teach morphemes beginning from frequently to less frequently appearing suffixes, prefixes,
and roots (e.g., comfort, discomfort, comfortable, uncomfortable). Provide opportunities to
practice learned prefixes, suffixes, and syllables in isolated words, text reading, and spelling.
Provide instruction in compensatory strategies when the primary decoding strategy does not
work. For example, when typical left-to-right decoding
fails for a student, break the word into
syllables or smaller parts, and/or pronounce each part, from left to right, and then blend
together.
Assessment and developmental progression
Using evidence to inform instructional decisions, teachers continuously monitor their students’
progress in developing foundational reading skills. Early assessment by the classroom teacher
provides information about each student’s knowledge and skills rel
ative to grade-level expectations
and provides a baseline against which progress can be measured. Educators can use a variety of
assessment strategies and tools to gain information about specific foundational reading skills.
These assessments should measur
e the skills
being taught in the classroom, such as students’
phoneme awareness, grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences and decoding skills.
Before engaging in assessments, it is important for educators to be aware of and mitigate biases.
These biases could result in the under-recognition or over-recognition of students from
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Francophone, Indigenous, Black, other racialized, or LGBTQ2S+ communities, students with
disabilities, or students from all other marginalized communities.
Through ongoing assessment, teachers may recognize students who require additional support or
early intervention to learn decoding skills. In some cases, classroom teachers
may need to reach
out to additional resources in their school (e.g., the school special education team, or an English as
a Second Language or English Literacy Development teacher) or through their board (e.g., Speech
and Language Pathologist) to determine whether and what type of additional support and/or
intervention may be required.
The instructional focus of foundational reading skills shifts based on the overall progression and
students’ mastery of skills that are taught. Instruction on building
phonological
awareness of words
in speech and larger sound units in words (such as syllables and rimes) generally needs to take up
only a small amount of time early in the reading program. Phonemic awareness then becomes one
focus, alongside phonics instruction within a clearly delineated scope and sequence. Word study
skills will play a larger role as students progress. Average reading
development by grade is
identified in the figure below, but mastery of grapheme-phoneme knowledge, sounding out words
and building automatic word reading are indicators that it is time to shift the focus of instruction
along a continuum of word-reading skill development.
Phonics instruction and word study becomes progressively more complex across the grades and as
students move forward along the scope and sequence of skill development. Word study
incorporates knowledge of common syllables in multisyllabic words, knowledge of morphemes, and
the morphemic structure of words. This knowledge will
lead to improved word reading, building of
sight words and spelling skills.