Resistant hypertension — Resistant hypertension is defined as blood pressure that is not
controlled to goal despite adherence to an appropriate regimen of three antihypertensive
drugs of different classes (including a diuretic) in which all drugs are prescribed at suitable
antihypertensive doses and after white coat effect has been excluded. Blood pressure that
requires at least four medications to achieve control is considered controlled resistant
hypertension [
57
]. The definition, evaluation, and treatment of resistant hypertension are
discussed in detail elsewhere. (See
"Definition, risk factors, and evaluation of resistant
hypertension"
and
"Treatment of resistant hypertension"
.)
Many patients who appear to have resistant hypertension actually have pseudoresistance
rather than true resistance. Pseudoresistance results from some or all of the following
problems (see
"Definition, risk factors, and evaluation of resistant hypertension", section
on 'Apparent, true, and pseudoresistant hypertension'
):
One or more of the following issues may contribute to true resistant hypertension (see
"Definition, risk factors, and evaluation of resistant hypertension", section on 'Risk factors'
):
Inaccurate blood pressure measurement (eg, use of an inappropriately small blood
pressure cuff, not allowing a patient to rest quietly before taking readings)
●
Poor adherence to blood pressure medications
●
Poor adherence to lifestyle and dietary approaches to lower blood pressure
●
Suboptimal antihypertensive therapy, due either to inadequate doses, an
inappropriate drug combination, or exclusion of a diuretic from the antihypertensive
regimen
●
White coat hypertension
●
Extracellular volume expansion
●
Increased sympathetic activation
●
Ingestion of substances that can elevate the blood pressure, such as nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or stimulants
●
Secondary or contributing causes of hypertension
●
The evaluation and management of resistant hypertension is discussed in detail elsewhere.
(See
"Treatment of resistant hypertension"
.)
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