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had organized several rapid incursions (ılġar) against them, but never to any
lasting avail. Sometimes, the Bedouins gained the upper hand, killing some
Muslims; sometimes, they suffered defeat and retreated to the deserts, hills
and mountains, where they fortified themselves, safely out of the Ottomans’
reach (ḳaçub berārī ve tilāl u cibālda, ki ‘asker varmaḳ ‘asīr ola, kendülere ḥiṣār
eyleyüb varub onda ḳarār ėderler idi). Following the Ottoman take-over in 1517,
things only got worse. Even though the governors had sent out several forays
against them, these turned out to be nothing “but letters without grammar”
(i.e., uncoordinated and meaningless) (bi-‘aynihi sābıḳda olan vech üzere ṣarf bi-
lā ḥarf vāḳi‘ olurdı), as a consequence of which the Bedouins’ oppression only
increased. Not only the villages southwest of Cairo suffered, in fact, the ‘Azāle
sometimes even ventured into Cairo itself, causing havoc even at the Azhar
Mosque (miyān-i Mıṣırda ma‘bed-i ṣulaḥā ve meclis-i ‘ulamā olan cāmi‘ el-Ezherde
fesādlar ėdüb), before retreating to their mountainous strongholds (
yine ol
ṭāġīlaruñ ḥiṣārı olan ṭaġlara ṭaġılurlar idi). Whomsoever Rūmīs they found, they
showed them no mercy, killing the one and roasting the other (ve niçe müdde-
tdür Rūmīlerden her kimi bulsalar bī-teraḥḥum ėdüb, kimini helāk ve kimini kebāb
ėdüb). Fleeing from the laws and observances of Islam (
ḥuḳūḳ ve şe‘āyir-i islām-
dan ḳaçarlar idi), they saw no harm in drinking wine (
istiḥlāl ile dāyimā şerāb
içerler idi), took recourse to neither judge nor magistrate, and spilled the blood
of merchant, pilgrim and traveller alike. At the time of sowing, they sowed
nothing but the seeds of tyranny; at the time of harvesting, they cut nothing
but the throats of their victims (zer‘ zemānında re‘āyānıñ ġallātın alub toḫum-i
ẓulm ekerlerdi, ve vaḳt-i ḥiṣādda kimini keserler kimini biçerler idi). But now, at the
onset of Aḥmed Paşa, they have gone too far: “One night, through a ruse, they
had invited Ḫabīr Oġlı Ca‘fer, chosen and subsequently appointed as şeyḫ
el-‘Arab of the province of Giza by the sultan, and had murdered him, before
scattering and returning to their usual plunder and sacking (Ḫuṣūṣan şimdi
cānib-i salṭanatdan kendiler iḫtiyār ėdüb Cīze vilāyetinde şeyḫ el-‘Arab ta‘yīn olan
Ḫabīr Oġlı Ca‘feri ḥīle ile bir gėce żiyāfet ėdüb ḳatl ėderler ve ṭaġılub her cānibe nehb
ve ġārete giderler). As soon as the news of İbn Ḫabīr’s murder reached governor
Aḥmed Paşa, he sent several envoys to the ‘Azāle, summoning them to obe-
dience (iṭā‘ate da‘vet ėtdi). Yet, their devilish nature proved obstinate and they
kept to the path of error (anlaruñ şeyṭānı ‘inād eyleyüb ṭarīḳ-i żelālete alı gitdi).
Hence, the pasha pledged solemnly:
“Before long, we will find ourselves victorious inside Cairo, having found
our objective and desires! Indeed, the outcome that we aim at is for the
perfidious ones to be killed by the sword of the law, for their heads to be
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raised onto the bayonet, thus publicly exposing (them) as criminals, and
for them to find an awful doom in the Afterlife! (‘An ḳarīb ẓafer ile Mıṣra
dāḫil oluruz ve maḳṣūd u münāmızı onda buluruz. Fī l-vāḳi‘ netīce-i maḳṣūd
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