zheb-i imām-i a‘ẓam:
Ebū’s-Su‘ūd: “Aw yunfaw min al-arḍ”, in lam yaf‘alū ġayr al-iḫāfa wa l-sa‘y
li l-fasād. Wa l-murād bi l-nafy ‘indanā huwa l-ḥabs, fa innahu nafy ‘an
wajh al-arḍ li daf‘ şarrihim ‘an ahlihā wa yu‘zarūna ayḍan li mubāşarati-
him munkar al-iḫāna wa izālat al-amn. Wa ‘inda al-Şāfi‘ī raḍiya llāh ‘anhu
l-nafy min balad ilā balad lā yazālu yaṭlub wa huwa hāribun fazi‘an, wa
ḳīla huwa l-nafy ‘an baladihi faḳaṭ. Wa kānū yanfawna ilā Dahlak, wa huwa
balad aḳṣā Tihāma, wa Nāṣi‘, wa huwa balad min bilād al-Ḥabaşa.
47
Muḥyī: “Ev yunfav mina l-arż”: yā ol yerden nefiy olunurlar, eğer yalñız
taḫvīfe ve fesād içün sa‘ya ḳaṣr ėtdiler ise. Nefiyden murād beledde anıñ
taṣarrufı ḳılmamaḳ dur. Pes ol ḥaseble ḥapisle daḫi olur, ki mezheb-i
imām-i a‘ẓamdur ki vech-i arżdan ol nefiy ile def‘ dur, tā imām Şāfi‘ī rażi-
ya llāh ‘anhu buyurur bir yerden bir yere muttaṣıl nefiy ėtmek dur, ki def‘
küllī ḥaysīyeti ile ola, ki bir yerde ḳarār ėtmeye. Ve ṣaḥābe-i kirām nefy-i
beled ėtdiklerini Dehleke irsāl ėderler idi, ki aḳsā-i Tihāme dur, yā Ṣani‘
(sic) nefiy ėderler idi, ki bilād-i Ḥebeşdendur. Pes bunlaruñ ‘amelinde ḥa-
pis ve tesyīr bulunur.
47 İrşād al-‘Aḳl al-Salīm, II: 47.
726
Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
In light of this compelling evidence, one can only state the obvious, that is,
that Muḥyī’s exegesis of the Āyetü’l-Ḥirābe is strongly indebted to the grand
mufti’s İrşād. Yet, admittedly, this alone is not all that remarkable: as said, we
know that Muḥyī and Ebū’s-Su‘ūd had met in Istanbul, we know that they had
discussed tefsīr, and we know that Ebū’s-Su‘ūd’s tefsīr had found its way into
the religious curriculum already by the 17
th
century
48
. Much more remarkable
than the similarity an sich, however, are its implications. For Shuruq Naguib,
who rightfully recognized the watershed quality of the İrşād:
“(…) the composition of Irshād could be thus conceived as an effort to extend
and maintain control over the very meaning of the divine book and, hence,
over not only the geographical realms of Islam but also the very realm of its
religious truth, the Qur’an. Ebu’s-su‘ūd’s dedication at the outset of Irshād
(e.g. his claim to the universal viceregency of God, to the greater tradition
of caliphate, and to the superior imamate), is a literary expression of that
extension. With a work of Qur’an interpretation by the highest religious
authority, the Shaykh al-Islam himself, the Ottomans would become de-
fenders of the birthplace, the law and the central book of Islam.”
49
So not only is Muḥyī’s exegesis not of the mystical bend, thus illustrating
the institutionalization of Sufism, it also gives testimony to the Ottomanisa-
tion-cum-Hanafitization of the law in face of the realm’s religious-legal plural-
ism. Muḥyī did not offer just any legalistic exegesis of the Quran and even not,
more specifically, just any Ḥanafī interpretation! No, he gave Ebū’s-Su‘ūd’s inter-
pretation, which is about as close as one could get, in early modern times that is,
to an “official” or “state-sanctioned” Quranic exegesis. In a 2005 article, Rudolph
Peters raised the question as to “What does it mean to be an official madhhab?”
50
While the answer to such a complicated question can only be nuanced and
many-sided, surely, Muḥyī’s emulation of the İrşād must be part of it!
IV. Juxtaposing the texts
So far, by zooming out of the texts, we have observed some of the multiple
dimensions of the author and of the empire he lived in, and we have relat-
48 Naguib, “Guiding the Sound Mind”, p. 6. As it happens, included among the books deposit-
ed in the vakıf by Aḥmed Paşa was Ebū’l-Su‘ūd’s tefsīr (see Bilge, “İstanbul Fatih’deki Hâfız
Ahmed Paşa Külliyesi’nin vakfiyesi”, p. 313).
49 Naguib, “Guiding the Sound Mind”, pp. 46-47.
50 Peters, “What does it mean to be an official madhhab? Hanafism and the Ottoman Empire”,
pp. 147-158.
727
Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
ed these dimensions to a number of “-izations” of much grander, indeed, of
imperial-wide scale, such as Sunnitization and legal Hanafization. Indeed, it
is very rewarding to read the texts against this background of larger transfor-
mative trends, researched by scholars such as Nabil al-Tikriti, Abdurrahman
Atçıl, Guy Burak, Nathalie Clayer, Markus Dressler, Tijana Krstić, Reem Me-
shal, Rudolph Peters, Derin Terzioǧlu, and Baki Tezcan. Yet, in the following,
rather than dealing with any of these trends in more detail by reiterating their
findings, I would like to take a different course, and I will do so by juxtaposing
the texts.
Before doing so, it is useful to summarize the texts in a fairly radical way, and a
lead to do so I found in the preamble to the Egyptian Ḳānūn-Nāme of 1525, dealt
with by, among others Snjezana Buzov, Uriel Heyd, and Kaya Şahin
51
. This pre-
amble, produced in tandem by grand vizier İbrāhīm Paşa and nīşāncı Celālzāde
Muṣṭafā, is well known, and deservedly so: in the words of Buzov, it is nothing
less than the “political and legal manifesto of Süleymān’s early reign”. In this
preamble, two potent symbols are juxtaposed: on the one hand, the zebān-i tīġ
or “the tongue of the sword of those empowered to inflict heavy punishment”
(i.e. the ehl-i seyfiyye), and, on the other hand, the tīġ-i zebān or “the sword of the
tongue of the guardians of the holy law” (i.e. the ehl-i ‘ilmiyye):
“Since, in some matters it was not possible to cut dispute and opposition
with the sword of the tongue of saints of the sharî‘a, it was perceived nec-
essary to treat them by means of the tongue of the swords of governors of
secular punishment (siyâset).”
52
(Ba‘żı ḫuṣūṣīyatta ḳaṭ‘-i nizā‘ ve husūmet tīġ-i zebān-i evliyā-i şerī‘at ile
mümkün olmayub zebān-i tīġ-i vālīyān-i siyāsetle olmak vācib iḫṣāṣ ol-
unub.)
53
In my view, we can use this highly evocative dichotomy of siyāset and Sharia as
a radical summary of Muḥyī’s texts. What do we see when we keep sufficient
distance? When summarizing the two works in the broadest possible strokes,
one could say that each corresponds to one of the multiple strands of Ottoman
imperial legitimation. On the one hand, there is the poem, which depicts the
campaign as siyāset, that is, penal policy outside of or next to the realm of
51 Heyd, Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law, p. 3; Şahin, Empire and Power in the Reign of
Dostları ilə paylaş: |