BRAINSTEM CIRCUITS CONTROLLING FULL-BODY MOVEMENT
Locomotion is a universal behavior in the animal kingdom. This form of full-body movement
manifests itself differentially according to the species as walking, running, swimming, crawling, or
flying, to mention the most prominent forms (Orlovsky et al. 1999). One common denominator in
all species is the need for behavioral coordination throughout the body to move it forward and to
optimize speed for controlled interactions with the environment. The brainstem plays important
roles in the regulation of locomotion, and the recent work reviewed here begins to delineate the
identity of circuits between the midbrain and more caudally located brainstem regions as instru-
mental for the control of specific locomotor parameters (Figure 4).
The stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in the midbrain elicits co-
ordinated full-body locomotion in a variety of species, including cat, rat, and lamprey (Mori
et al. 1989, Ryczko & Dubuc 2013, Shik & Orlovsky 1976, Skinner & Garcia-Rill 1984). Re-
cent studies provide evidence that, despite the spatial intermingling of excitatory (vGlut2), in-
hibitory, and cholinergic cell types within the MLR, specifically vGlut2-expressing neurons are
central for the locomotion-promoting properties of the MLR (Caggiano et al. 2018, Josset et al.
2018, Niell & Stryker 2010, Roseberry et al. 2016). It is also clear that there is further functional
diversity within the MLR. Stimulation of vGlut2-expressing neurons within and close to the pe-
dunculopontine nucleus (PPN) in the ventrolaterally located MLR only influences limb muscle
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Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2019.42:485-504. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org
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