Anar Khamzayeva
22
Documentos CIDOB, Asia
Water resources management in Central Asia
1991, there was little consideration given to the question of inclusion
of Afghanistan. Moreover there were no bilateral agreements between
Afghanistan and its Central Asian neighbours in terms of water issues
(Horsman, 2008).
Should Afghanistan’s
security situation stabilise, this would hope-
fully lead to a revival of its economic activities, which in turn should
stipulate greater demand for increased use of the basin’s water resources.
In fact, the Afghan government is already planning to build a canal to
pump water from the Amu-Darya to be transported to Mazar-e-Sharif
(Allouche, 2007, p. 52). In the future this will inevitably lead to tension
with its neighbouring countries. Therefore, it
is essential to integrate
Afghanistan into regional water management schemes and international
observers have been urging Central Asian states to do so.
Plan for diverting the Irtych and Ob rivers to the Aral Sea
Uzbekistan is the second-largest exporter of cotton in the world, sell-
ing over 800,000 metric tons annually. In a quest to expand its cotton
production for export, Uzbekistan –along with Kazakhstan and Russia–
have again been making plans to revive a Soviet-era plan to divert rivers
from Siberia to Central Asia, intended to save the Aral Sea.
2
In theory,
building a canal from Siberia across Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan would
bring extra water resources to Uzbekistan and would significantly boost
Russian influence in the region.
Awareness of the latter factor has prompted many Russian officials,
such
as Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov, to revive construction of the
canal. Luzhkov has stated that the scheme would divert no more than
2. It was in fact estimated that this would restore the Aral Sea to its former size in 20-30 years
at a cost of US$30-50 billion. RING, Ed. “Release the rivers. Let the Volga and Ob refill the
Aral Sea”, Sep 27, 2004, at: www.ecoworld.com/Home/Articles2.cfm?TID=354.
Water resources management in Central Asia
23
Número 25, 2009
7% of the Ob’s annual flow. According to estimates, the project will cost
$25 to $30 billion, with $5 billion in annual revenue from sales of water
to Central Asia (Daly, 2008).
Various scholars and environmentalists contend that a new diversion
project would have disastrous effects on the ecological balance in Siberia
and Central Asia. Academics worry that water will remain salinated when
it reaches Uzbekistan, making it undesirable for irrigation; that leaks from
the canal will swamp vast territories, and that species of fish and bacteria
will mix in unhealthy ways. Many also worry that sending Siberian waters
to Uzbekistan’s warmer terrain will disrupt the climate in both places.
Most of the elaborate and grand water projects outlined above are all
highly
expensive, environmentally-damaging and potentially dangerous,
offering “only short-term relief and merely delaying much-needed reform
of the present system” (International Crisis Group, 2002, p. 28). These
projects stand to only exacerbate the existing tensions between the riparian
states. Instead, it is critical that the international community should seek
to encourage regional co-riparian states to adopt effective domestic policies
on agriculture, water and energy, and continue the difficult but indispensa-
ble process of negotiation and bargaining among themselves.
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