Anar Khamzayeva
24
Documentos CIDOB, Asia
Water resources management in Central Asia
Such conclusions compel one to emphasise that
although competition
rather than cooperation over water issues in the region is likely to endure
in the short- and medium-term perspective, it will nonetheless compel the
states to prefer agreements. Water interdependence is indeed a rationale to
improving trust and co-operation.
Water-and-security analysts warn that actions carried out in the
absence of a treaty or institutional mechanism that safeguards the inter-
ests of other countries in the basin clearly stands as a fairly destabilising
factor in the Central Asia region. That is precisely why
work on establish-
ing the legal water framework for Central Asia must be accelerated, clearly
stipulating the rights and obligations of upstream and downstream
countries, providing a general framework for transboundary water coop-
eration that would be based on international water law principles, those
primarily incorporated in the UN Convention on the Law of the Non-
Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN ILC, 1997) and
the UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary
Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention).
It must be noted that Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are the only Central
Asian states to have ratified the Water Convention. And Uzbekistan is
the only regional state to have acceded to the UN ILC, in September
2007,
3
thus making it legally obliged to
implement the principles of
the “reasonable and equitable use” of water. Uzbekistan has been quite
active in putting forth many international initiatives, such as the ICID,
the World Water Week in Stockholm, Green Cross International (GCI)
and the World Water Forum. Overall, the country is said to have ben-
efited the most from the majority of environmental projects funded by
international agencies. Claims have been further made that Uzbekistan
dominates decision-making in both the ICWC and IFAS.
3. “Status of Watercourse Convention as of 9 January 2008, ”at:
law.org/intldocs/watercourse_status.html..
Water resources management in Central Asia
25
Número 25, 2009
The work and effectiveness of the ICWC and IFAS has been ques-
tioned, with experts calling for more transparency, ‘an overhaul to
broaden mandate, increase powers of
enforcement and change of
management structures and approach to attract outside funding’ (Inter-
national Crisis Group, 2002, p. 27). Since the fact is that institutional
capacity for managing water disputes in Central Asia is weak, assistance
and support from international agencies and donors, such as the World
Bank, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), USAID, UNEP,
UNECE, and the European Union are all of the utmost importance.
In the “Water and violent conflict” issue brief released by the OECD,
while the complex interrelationship between water and conflict is thor-
oughly examined, lessons learned and recommendations for preventing
and mitigating water-related conflicts are set forward for international
organisations, aid agencies, NGOs and the private sector to continue
providing their input into helping to sustain efforts to reduce the risk
of conflicts over water from arising.
In particular, in relation to Central Asia, several of these are critical,
such as “ensuring broad participation in dialogue processes on resource
governance and co-operative water management,
improving transpar-
ency and information flow to stakeholders, strengthening formal and
customary institutions and mechanisms to improve water management
and peaceful dispute
resolution over shared water, supporting those
regional initiatives that hold potential to build co-operation and peace
by focusing on water, integrating conflict-impact
and water-resource
assessments, focusing in the long-term on demand-side water manage-
ment (reuse, efficient use, inter-sector reallocation)” (OECD, 2005).
According to the latest (2007-08) assessments, in particular those
done by the Water and Development Research group of the Helsinki
University of Technology in co-operation with Global Water Partnership
and the ICWC, the per capita water use in Central Asia has soared quite
dramatically, “being manifold in comparison to any other comparable
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