561
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20160073
CliniCal SCaleS, Criteria and toolS
Validity and reliability evidence of the
questionnaire for illness representation, the
impact of epilepsy, and stigma (QIRIS)
Evidências de validade e confiabilidade do questionário de representação da doença,
impacto da epilepsia e estigma (QIRIS)
Elisabete Abib Pedroso de Souza
1
, Karina Borges
2
, Maria Cristina O. Santos Miyazaki
2
, Karina da Silva
Oliveira
3
, Tatiana de Cássia Nakano
3
There is growing literature indicating the importance of pa-
tient representation of illness in their behavioral responses to
health threats
1
. Cognitive perception of the illness is studied on
the basis of cognitive-behavioral approaches or other similar
theories such as social cognition models or personal construct
theory
1
. Cognitive activities that include thoughts, images and
behaviors concerning an evaluation of the environment form
a broad network of information that helps researchers under-
stand how patients cope with the disease. Therefore, the envi-
ronmental influences of a person’s thoughts and feelings have
an important contribution to behavioral health
2,3
.
Researchers in this field have made progress in the re-
search of psychological health in epilepsy by examining the
role of cognition and coping style
4,5
. This approach is increas-
ing because patient perceptions explain greater differences in
adaptation than biomedical variables
4,6
.
Epilepsy is a common neurological condition that affects
the psychological adjustment and the quality, and it may
therefore reveal a high incidence of fears, misunderstandings
and stigma in these patients
7,8
. A chronic disease such as epi-
lepsy can be an important stress factor, and the inability to
deal with the condition can bring psychological difficulties
1
University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brasil;
2
Faculdade de Medicina de São José Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto SP, Brasil;
3
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Centro de Ciências da Vida, Departamento de Psicologia, Campinas SP, Brasil.
Correspondence: Elisabete Abib Pedroso de Souza, Hospital Universitário death Campinas – UNICAMP; Caixa Postal – 6166; 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil;
E-mail: souzaeap@yahoo.com.br
Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest to declare.
Received 16 November 2015; Received in final form 27 February 2016; Accepted 05 April 2016.
AbStRACt
The objective of this study was to obtain reliability and validity evidence for the questionnaire of illness representation, the impact of epilepsy,
and stigma (QIRIS) for use with adolescents and adults in Brazil. QIRIS consists of 14 questions grouped in three domains (attribution of
meaning, impact of disease, and stigma) and was applied to 57 adults with epilepsy. QIRIS internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach’s
α = 0. 866). Significant and strong correlation was found between issues belonging to the same domain, as expected. Three domains have
highly significant and positive correlations with the instrument’s total score, indicating evidence of content validity. We conclude that QIRIS
has psychometric properties and can facilitate a systematic evaluation of the patient’s representation according to a biopsychosocial
approach that may contribute to clinical practice based on scientific evidence.
Keywords: quality of life; stigma social; epilepsy; cognitive science; surveys and questionnaires.
ReSumo
Este estudo buscou evidências de confiabilidade e validade para o questionário de representação da doença, impacto da epilepsia e
estigma (QIRIS), para uso em adolescentes e adultos no Brasil. O QIRIS consiste de 14 questões agrupadas em 3 domínios (atribuição de
significados, impacto da doença e estigma) e foi aplicado em 57 adultos com epilepsia. A consistência interna do QIRIS foi satisfatória
(α de Cronbach = 0,866). Foi encontrada forte e significante correlação entre as questões com o mesmo domínio.Os três domínios têm
correlações altamente significativas e positivas com a pontuação total do instrumento, indicando evidências de validade de conteúdo.
Concluímos que o QIRIS tem propriedades psicométricas que facilitam uma avaliação sistemática de representação do paciente de acordo
com uma abordagem biopsicossocial, além de contribuir para uma prática clínica baseada em evidências científicas.
Palavras-chave: qualidade de vida; estigma social; epilepsia; ciência cognitiva; inquéritos e questionários.
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Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016;74(7):561-569
and emotional distress
9
. Since one is diagnosed with epi-
lepsy, having the disease activates a behavior modifying sys-
tem of beliefs at the personal and social level. Furthermore,
it involves expectations and perceptions that are individual
intrapsychic categories related to each individual life story,
which affects people in different manners
7
.
An individual’s beliefs about his/her symptoms, diagnosis,
label, causality, perception of duration, consequences of the
disease, and perception of control integrate his or her con-
cept of “self ”
10,11
with implications for feelings, behavior, and
adjustment. Not only for the individual with epilepsy, but also
for the entire family, especially because of the stigma related
to this illness. The relationship between subjective variables,
disease and socio-environmental demand is complex.
The illness representation theory supports the fact that
all patients construct cognitive models of their illness, and
also the fact that there is a dynamic relationship between its
elements, where a patient’s cognitive perception changes in
line with illness experience and consequences
1,7
.
The first approaches related to illness beliefs were ob-
tained from structured interviews with qualitative analysis
without psychometric validation
10
and other studies using a
closed questionnaire with quantitative measures
12,13
. Kemp
and Morley
1
were the first to develop an interview that com-
bines open questions and a structured questionnaire.
Based on Kemp’s model, we developed a new psychologi-
cal protocol in order to assess cognitive representations in
adults and adolescents with epilepsy.
Therefore, this paper aimed to find reliability and valid-
ity evidence for the questionnaire of illness representation,
the impact of epilepsy, and stigma (QIRIS) and its use in Brazil.
metHoD
Development of measure
Initially, the literature about related meanings, quality
of life and stigma was reviewed.Some general points have
emerged from this literature, such as: 1- All patients form
representations early in the course of illness, and this repre-
sentation affects individual perception of their quality of life
and, especially, individual perception of discrimination and
rejection; 2- For an assessment of these beliefs, it is impor-
tant to make use of the psychological interview, to enable a
qualitative analysis of subjective variables. In this study, the
approach was to combine open-ended questions with rating
scales, administrated in an interview format.
Aiming to evaluate how the impact of epilepsy is per-
ceived in our environment, an open exploratory 16-question
questionnaire was developed. It sought to contemplate the
main domains of epilepsy representation and our clinical
experience in epilepsy. Questionnaire respondents included
20 patients and 20 lay people from the local community
14
.
Briefly, the overall result showed that there is poor knowl-
edge of epilepsy among interviewees, although most of them
have received information from their doctors. Concerning the
social aspects, most of them referred to difficulties in work
and school environments, also in establishing relationships.
The main epilepsy related feelings reported by the subjects
included sadness, dependence, inferiority, insecurity, fear and
pity
14
. The open questionnaire was important to raise initial
reactions about the concepts of epilepsy as well as the emo-
tional and social adjustment.
Based on the results of this first questionnaire, a panel of
three independent specialists evaluated the questions; after-
wards, the most appropriate items were chosen
15
. The ques-
tionnaire used for the community had 16 closed questions
about the medical (4 questions), social (10 questions) and
personal (2 questions) areas. The patients questionnaire had
four additional questions in the social and three in the per-
sonal area to be answered in the form of multiple-choice.The
instrument was answered by 12 patients and 32 relatives from
the Epilepsy Outpatients Clinic at the University Hospital of
Campinas. Considering that patient beliefs are frequently in-
fluenced and reinforced by family members
3
, family beliefs
should be investigated in parallel to the patients’
16
in a broad-
er process of data collection.
The results are grouped in three main domains: medi-
cal, social and personal. Medical: patients and relatives did
not know exactly what epilepsy is or how it is caused; none-
theless, they know how to treat it. Social: the most impor-
tant areas where people with epilepsy are discriminated
are work and social relationships. Patients also complained
about their lack of freedom and limits on recreation activi-
ties. Personal: subjects apparently have the same feelings and
thoughts about epilepsy and seizures
15
.
Therefore, at the present stage, in order to validate
the instrument to assess the perception of stigma in
the community, we selected the most common answers
(50% cut off) in order to create the items for a version of
stigma scale of epilepsy (SSE) containing five questions,
with twenty-four items
17
. According to the results, the
points focused on the five-question scale were sufficient
to achieve this objective
18
.
Our intention now is different, as we seek to understand
the psychological (cognitive and emotional) aspects related
to the disease, as important contingencies in adaptive reac-
tions, from the perspective of the individual who has epilepsy.
The new questionnaire included answers identified
in the social context (patients, relatives and community
members) related to disease perception and impact, and as
a psychological interview was drawn from questionnaires
aimed at assessing cognitive representations. In this sense,
it is important to note that the work of Weinman et al.
13
and
the research model developed by Kemp and Morley
1
served
as the basis for the final model that was selected as the ba-
sis for the scale proposed.
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Elisabete Abib Pedroso de Souza et al. Validity and reliability of QIRIS
The illness perception questionnaire (IPQ)
13
comprises
5 brief scales assessing the core components of an illness
representation and appears to be psychometrically sound.
The five scales assess identity: 1) the symptoms the patient
associates with the illness, cause; 2) personal ideas about
etiology, time-line; 3) the perceived duration of the illness,
consequences; 4) expected effects, and outcome and cure
control; 5) how one controls or recovers from the illness.
Each scale presents items whose content must be accepted
or not by the patient.
Kemp and Morley
1
aimed to assess six representation
components of illness (identity, beliefs about symptoms
and cause, consequences, beliefs about temporal course,
control beliefs, self-illness relationship). The importance of
the last one is based on the fact that the authors
1
introduce
open questions and include the item” consequences”, which
investigates perceived stigma and enacted stigma
1
.
It is important to say that this new instrument that we
are investigating maintains, in the same way proposed by
other models
1
, open questions about stigma perception,
but it also includes constructs linked to quality of life. The
ease and speed of the application and correction process,
which is indeed easier than others, are shown in a differen-
tial work in a hospital.
This version of the questionnaire (Appendix) for illness
representation, the impact of epilepsy, and stigma (QIRIS)
was composed of 14 questions grouped in three domains—
attribution of meaning, impact of the disease, and stigma—
and was tested with the aim of investigating its psychometric
properties. The results of validity and reliability of the ques-
tionnaire for illness representation, the impact of epilepsy,
and stigma (QIRIS) will be presented.
Subjects
57 patients were involved in this study (71.93% female
and 28.07% male) who were assisted at the epilepsy clinic
located in a University Hospital. Participant ages ranged
between 21 and 62 years (21% below 30 years, 26.32% aged
30-39years; 35.1% 40-49 years, and 17.54%, above 50 years),
31.43% were single, separated or divorced, 61.86% were
married; 7.7% were widowed; 56.14% were unemployed and
43.86% had a job; 68.42% have ≤ 8 years of education; and
31.57% have ≥ 9 years of education.
The clinical data indicated that 31.55% had focal sei-
zures,54.39% showed focal plus generalized seizures, and
14% had generalized seizures. Other data collected refer to
the age at onset of seizures (M = 19.33, SD = 12.3), disease du-
ration (M = 17.22, SD = 12.1), and medication (monotherapy:
85.7%, polytherapy: 14.3%).
For this study, the inclusion criteria were: age between 18
and 65, ability to answer the questions, and presence of ac-
tive epilepsy within the past 2 years. Patients were excluded
if they had brain surgery, used concomitant medication with
central nervous system effects, or had another progressive
neurological or psychiatric illness.
UNICAMP’s Committee of Ethics in Medicine ap-
proved this study. Written informed consent was obtained
from the patients.
Instruments
1) Clinical and demographic identification questionnaire
containing information on age, education, marital status,
occupation, age of onset and duration of illness, seizure fre-
quency, type of seizure and medication used.
2) The questionnaire for illness representation, the
impact of epilepsy, and stigma (QIRIS) is composed
of 3 parts: I) Attribution of meaning [three open ques-
tions: a) Q1 – Label; b) Q2 – Causal Attributions; and
c) Q5 – Projecting Consequences; and four Likert ques-
tions: a) Q3 – Perceptions of Feelings; b) Q4 – Perception
of Controllability; c) Q6 - Coping; and d) Q7 – Perception
of Social Consequences]; II) Impact of Disease [a sin-
gle open question: Q8 – Experience of difficulties; and
two Likert questions: a) Q9 – Perceptions of difficulties;
b) Q10 – Quality of Life], and III) Stigma [one open ques-
tion: Q11 – Experience of Stigma; and three Likert ques-
tions: a) Q12 – Perceived Discrimination; b) Q13 – Stigma;
and c) Q14 – Perceived Stigma].
In the Likert questions, subjects can choose 1 of 4 alter-
natives, indicating how much they agree with the content.
Some items are inverted in the correction process (Q4, Q6.1,
Q6.2, Q7.2, Q7.3, Q7.4, and Q10). The sum of the total in each
area is achieved by adding the scores of all items. The total
scale is calculated by adding the scores of the three areas.
The higher the total score, the more negative beliefs and the
greater the impact on patient health.
Procedures
Instruments were applied in the Applied Psychology
Clinic of the Neurology University Hospital, UNICAMP,
Campinas/SP, Brazil. Patients completed the identification
protocol and the questionnaire under the same conditions.
The instruments were administered as an interview in adults
with epilepsy.
ReSuLtS
Statistical analyses were performed using version 16.0
of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for
Windows.Reliability was assessed by tests of internal con-
sistency for each domain using Cronbach’s alpha coeffi-
cient. The results are presented in Table 1. In the second
analysis, the Spearman correlation was calculated between
items (inter-score correlation) (Table 2). At the end, the cor-
relation between domains assessed by the Questionnaire
was calculated (Table 3).
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Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016;74(7):561-569
To carry out the statistical analysis, some QIRIS scores
have to be reversed. These items are: Q4, Q6.1, Q6.2, Q7.2, Q7.3,
Q7.4, Q10. It is also important to note that Q4 (Perception of
Controllability), Q10 (Quality of Life), and Q13 (Stigma) do-
mains comprise only one item each, so Cronbach’s coeffi-
cient is not calculated for these cases.
The analysis of internal consistency generally showed
that all items presented high values. Similarly, the total score
also showed an adequate value (0.866). Considering each do-
main separately, we can see that Domain 1 – Attribution of
meaning presented a .763 internal consistency. The results of
the items that composed this domain showed good values
for Q3 (.771), moderate value for Q7 (.559) and lower consis-
tency for Q6 (.215). In Domain 2 – Disease impact, consisten-
cy was .794 (Q9 presented a .775 value). Domain 3 – Stigma
had .842 internal consistency and its Q9 and Q14 areas had
.773 and .733, respectively.
We can thus verify that the questionnaire had good in-
ternal consistency. The exception occurs in the Q7 – Social
Consequences domain, which is lower than other domains,
and in the Q6 – Coping domain, which presented an inad-
equate value. This is why future studies should consider re-
moving Q6.4 (item with the least consistency). For the time
being, in face of the small sample size, we can consider that
the questionnaire presented good psychometric standards
related to reliability.
In order to understand the internal stability of the instru-
ment, we investigated the correlations between the scores
of items of the questionnaire
19
. This analysis was based on
Spearman’s correlation coefficient and is shown in Table 2.
According to the data, positive and significant corre-
lations were found between Q6 and Q7 (r = 0.53, p ≤ 0.001),
Q9 and Q10 (r = 0.57, p ≤ 0.001), Q12 and Q13 (r = 0.43, p ≤
0.01), and Q12 and Q14 (r = 0.72, p ≤ 0.0001). The correlations
between Q3 and Q4 was negative (-0.78, p ≤ 0.0001).
Remarkably, in Domain 1 – Attribution of meaning,
the correlation between Perception of Feelings (Q3) and
Perception of Controllability (Q4) was significant, but neg-
ative. Positive and significant correlations between the
questions that evaluate Coping (Q6) and Perception of
social consequences (Q7) were also observed. In Domain
2 – Impact of Disease, the correlation between Perception
of difficulties (Q9) and Quality of Life (Q10) was signifi-
cant and positive; in Domain 3 – Stigma, the correla-
tion between Perceived Discrimination (Q12) and Stigma
(Q13) as well as the correlation between Perceived
Discrimination (Q12) and Perceived Stigma (Q14) were
positive and significant. The only relationship that was
not significant occurred between Q13 (Stigma) and Q14
(Perceived Stigma), belonging to the Stigma Domain.
Considering that we hypothesized significant and
strong correlations between issues belonging to the
same domain, it was possible to note that most results
met the expectations.
Table 3 shows an analysis of correlations between the
domains of the instrument. Therefore, it is possible to ob-
serve that the three domains have highly significant posi-
tive correlations with the total score of the instrument,
Part 1 (r = 0.52; p ≤ 0.001), Part 2 (r = 0.75; p ≤ 0.0001), and
Part 3 (r = 0.66; p ≤ 0.0001). It is also worth pointing out that
Part 1 and Part 3 had a positive and significant correlation
with each other (r = 0:35; p ≤ 0.01).
Table 1. Internal consistency of QIRIS questionnaire.
Part / Domains
Cronbach’s alpha
coefficient
Part 1 – Attribution of Meaning
.763
Q3 – Perception of Feelings
.771
Q6 – Coping
.215
Q7 – Social Consequences
.559
Part 2 – Disease Impact
.794
Q9 – Perception of Difficulties
.755
Part 3 – Stigma
.842
Q12 – Perceived Discrimination
.773
Q14 – Perceived Stigma
.733
Total
.866
Table 2. Spearman correlations between items of QIRIS questionnaire.
Item
Q3
Q4
Q6
Q7
Q9
Q10
Q12
Q13
Q4
-0.78***
-
-
-
-
-
-
Q6
0.12
-0.18
-
-
-
-
-
-
Q7
0.35
-0.32
0.53**
-
-
-
-
-
Q9
0.06
0.18
0,24
0.21
-
-
-
-
Q10
-0.03
0.13
-0.04
0.04
0.57**
-
-
-
Q12
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.22
0.26
0.03
-
-
Q13
0.15
0.01
-0.09
-0.10
0.01
-0.02
0.43*
-
Q14
0.05
0.02
0.21
0.30
0.29
0.06
0.72***
-0.14
*p ≤ 0.01; **p ≤ 0.001; ***p ≤ 0.0001
565
Elisabete Abib Pedroso de Souza et al. Validity and reliability of QIRIS
The purpose of the open questions in this questionnaire
is to provide a qualitative analysis, though this type of analy-
sis was not the subject of this paper. However, we found it in-
teresting to show that the open questions are related to one
another, and thus established the criteria considering the
question that starts each domain. These questions were cat-
egorized and the analysis involved the Mann-Whitney test
and showed interesting and expected results.
The results showed that the Q1-Label related with
Diagnosis (Yes / No) was significant with Q9 –Perceptions
of Difficulties (p = 0.004). Furthermore, Q1 – Meaning of ep-
ilepsy (Negative / Positive) showed significant differences
for Coping – Q6 (p = 0.043), Perceptions of Difficulties – Q9
(p = 0.039), and had significant correlation with the total
score of Part 2 – Quality of life (p = 0.039) and Total score
of QIRIS (p = 0.045). Open question Q8 – Experience
of Difficulties was significant with Q9 – Perceptions of
Difficulties (p = 0.004) and total score of Part 2 – Quality of
life (p = 0.005).Q11 – Stigma experience (Negative / Positive)
was not associated with any question of the QIRIS.
The validity based on Mann-Whitney test was per-
formed to examine the relationship between the scores
of the QIRIS and socio-demographic variables.No
Employed was significant with Part1 and Part3 (p = 0.028
and p = 0.035, respectively) and also with questions Q3
(p = 0.023), Q4 (p = 0.0054), and Q13 (p = 0.021). The re-
lationship between Marital status and Perceived stigma
(Q14) was significant (p = 0.048). Education was positive-
ly related with Part1 (p = 0.049). Based on Kruskall-Wallis
test, we compared the clinical variables that showed dif-
ferences between focal plus generalized seizures and
generalized seizures (p = 0.047).
DISCuSSIoN
This study aimed to describe a new questionnaire to as-
sess epilepsy representations, impact of disease and stigma.
The purpose comprised the psychological (cognitive and
emotional) aspects related to the disease as important con-
tingencies in adaptive reactions.
During the development of the questionnaire process and
the search for validation evidence, an important step to men-
tion is the need for methodological accuracy in relation to
the theoretical background, objectives, and conditions that
will emerge and the level of analysis (use in clinical practice
or research). Based on that, all phases of the study related in
this paper were important.
The new questionnaire, as a psychological interview, was
drawn from questionnaires aimed to assess cognitive repre-
sentations, including the answers identified in the social con-
text (patients, relatives, and community people). This is a ma-
jor contribution and an advantage.
In this sense, the questionnaire showed good psycho-
metric standards. The QIRIS items proved to be interdepen-
dent and homogeneous in terms of the concepts they mea-
sure, as indicated by the Cronbach coefficients and scale
inter-correlation. Reliability and accuracy were satisfactory.
Although questions Q6 and Q7 were slightly below 0.70 in
the Cronbach analysis, these items appear closely related in
scale inter-correlation.
We hypothesized strong correlations among questions
with the same content and that has been showed in sev-
eral studies
9,20,21
. People who perceive poor control of the
disease (Q4) are found to usually experience more negative
feelings (Q3), and this was a highly significant correlation.
An important psychological aspect to be highlighted is the
belief that they have little personal control, and such a gen-
eral outlook is associated with a more passive stance and
depressive thinking
22
.
Thus, positive correlations were also expected be-
tween questions Q6 and Q7, which assess coping and
social consequences, and this result was confirmed.
Inappropriate strategies are known to contribute to dis-
tortions in social perception and to negative assessment
of the social consequences
7,9
.
Similarly, questions Q9 and Q10 showed a high correla-
tion, reinforcing the concept that the perception of difficul-
ties in everyday life is associated with a worse assessment
of patient well-being/quality of life
7,9
. Question Q12 sought
to assess perception of discrimination and showed highly
significant correlation with questions assessing perceived
stigma (Q13) and internalized discrimination (Q14). Several
studies
20,21
call attention to the fact that, after a situation is
evaluated stressful, the patient usually experiences nega-
tive feelings and dysfunctional behaviors. Souza and Salgado
9
also discuss the psychological process involved.
The three areas also showed highly significant correla-
tions with the total QIRIS score. These results can reinforce
the evidence of construct validity (when the empirical data
confirm the theory) and content validity ( fulfilling important
aspects of the investigated construct)
19
. The investigation of
other types of validity evidence, for example, criteria valid-
ity and factor analysis could help researchers to verify the
instrument dimensionality and add important results to the
process of instrument construction.
We can see that the instrument enables an interconnec-
tion of the different aspects involved in evaluating the dis-
ease, supporting the concept that cognitive representations
Table 3. Spearman correlations between QIRIS domains.
Variable
Part1
Part2
Part3
Part2
.16
-
-
Part3
.35*
.14
-
Total
.52**
0.75***
0.66***
*p ≤ 0.01; **p ≤ 0.001; ***p ≤ 0.0001
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Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016;74(7):561-569
are individual, and controlling the way patients deal with
the disease also affects adjustment, well-being and the per-
ception of stigma
9,10,11
.
Another aspect in this study was to combine open-ended
questions with rating scales, administrated in interview for-
mat. In our study, open questions were important to activate
relevant ideas and emotions related to epilepsy, according
to Antonak and Rankin
23
. Following the model developed by
Kemp and Morley
1
, we were the first to develop an interview
combining open questions and a structured questionnaire to
assess six representation components of illness.
In our attempt to test if open questions related with oth-
er QIRIS questions, the results were satisfactory, explaining
more variables and their contents.
Remarkably as well, when we take into account Brazil’s
socioeconomic reality, the use of perception inventories
through interviews assists people with low education.
For that population, it is better to avoid the use of abstract
terminology, extensive instructions, and wide ranging con-
tents
24
. Accordingly, the use of both open questions and the
Likert type of questions enabled the authors to collect more
reliable data. This is one of the contributions that the instru-
ment aims to bring to the area, as it offers broader and more
adequate possibilities to evaluate the different population
strata in terms of educational and social level.
In recent decades, there has been greater interest in the
study of variables that control the impact of epilepsy, variables
that go beyond the seizures, remarkably the importance of
psychosocial conditions and their influence in determining
the well-being of individuals in chronic medical conditions.
In contrast to the medical model, the socio-psychological
model assumes that other personal characteristics affect the
degree to which patients feel affected in their well-being and
stigmatized by their condition
2,22
.
Alongside the development of measures is a need to in-
crease our knowledge of the functional dimensions associ-
ated with neurological disorders.
The result of the assessment depends on information
brought by the individual patient and his/her symptoms,
behavioral patterns, perceptions of the disease, and aspects
of his/her life. This approach encourages clinicians to see pa-
tients as active processors and theorists of their condition,
and to examine the condition from a patient’s perspective.
This is inherently a psychological approach that has the
potential to provide greater understanding of what guides
patients’ behavior
3,25
. Chronic diseases involve a large num-
ber of behavioral variables, and the scientific question that
emerges is: how to explain the relationship between behav-
ior and health and behavior and disease, and how to demon-
strate control of this relationship?
We believe that this instrument is a promising tool in
clinical evaluation and research on adults with epilepsy. The
results presented in this paper showed that the QIRIS pres-
ents psychometric properties and it is a valid and reliable in-
strument to assess the psychological aspects related with the
meaning of the disease and the interrelation between quality
of life and stigma.
Considering that the research reported here consists of
the first studies with the instrument, and before the posi-
tive findings, future studies will have to be conducted in
order to investigate other aspects not covered here. Such
analysis will allow new evidence of the quality of the pro-
posed instruments, as well as their suitability for its pur-
pose and target population.
References
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Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016;74(7):561-569
APPeNDIx: QueStIoNNAIRe of ILLNeSS
RePReSeNtAtIoN, ePILePSy’S ImPACt AND
StIgmA (QIRIS)
This interview is important to know what you think and
feel about what you have and we can serve you better.
You will answer some questions that are open and in
others you must choose one of the scale: 1-Never, 2- Rarely,
3-Often, 4-Always.
PARt 1 - AttRIbutIoN of meANINg
1. Label.
1.1 What the name or diagnosis about the
symptoms that you have?
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
1.2 What meaning have seizure /epilepsy that you
experienced?
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. Causal attributions
What do you think caused epilepsy in your case?
________________________________________________
3. Perception of feelings
What do you feel when you are in seizures?
3.1 Depression
1
2
3
4
3.2 Shock
1
2
3
4
3.3 Fear
1
2
3
4
3.4 Anxiety
1
2
3
4
3.5 Sorry for yourself
1
2
3
4
3.6 Others ______________________
4. Perception of Controllability
Do you think that you have control over your seizure?
1
2
3
4
5. Projecting consequences
How you imagine your future having seizures?
________________________________________________
6. Coping
How the people with epilepsy often act?
6.1 Talking to persons about disease.
1
2
3
4
6.2 Looking for medical treatment.
1
2
3
4
6.3 Withdrawal
1
2
3
4
6.4 Act as if they had not epilepsy
1
2
3
4
6.5 Others ______________________
7. Perception of Social Consequences
What do you guess people think to see someone hav-
ing seizure?
7.1 Fear
1
2
3
4
7.2 Pity
1
2
3
4
7.3 They know it’s a seizure
1
2
3
4
7.4 Help
1
2
3
4
7.5 They think that it is a contagious disease
1
2
3
4
7.6 Others ______________________
PARt 2- ImPACt of DISeASe ( QuALIty of LIfe)
8. experience of difficulties
Can you talk about some difficulties which you have be-
cause of your seizures?
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
9. Perceptions of difficulties
Which difficulties do you think that people with epilepsy
have in their daily life?
9.1 Family relationships
1
2
3
4
9.2 Employment
1
2
3
4
9.3 School
1
2
3
4
9.4 Friendship / Dating
1
2
3
4
9.5 Sexuality
1
2
3
4
9.6 Emotional
1
2
3
4
9.7 Prejudice
1
2
3
4
569
Elisabete Abib Pedroso de Souza et al. Validity and reliability of QIRIS
9.8 Health
1
2
3
4
10. Quality of life
What score would you rate your quality of life (satisfaction in
the aspects mentioned above, as follows: 1 = poor, 10 = great) ?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PARt 3 - exPeRIeNCe of StIgmA
11. Can you tell of any situation where people
have actually treaded you unfairly because you
having seizure.
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
12. Perceived discrimination
In what situation do you think a person with epilepsy is
discriminated?
12.1 Family relationships
1
2
3
4
12.2. Friendship
1
2
3
4
12.3. Employment
1
2
3
4
12.4. School
1
2
3
4
12.5. Dating
1
2
3
4
13. Stigma
What score would you rate for the prejudice that the
general population has towards epilepsy (1 = no prejudice,
10 = maximum prejudice)?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
14. Perceived Stigma
Do you agree?
14.1 I care when people are afraid of me because of epilepsy
1
2
3
4
14.2 I care when people do not take my opinions as seri-
ously as would take if I had not epilepsy.
1
2
3
4
14.3 I consider myself imperfect because of epilepsy.
1
2
3
4
14.4 People who know I have seizures treat me differently
1
2
3
4
14.5 I have few friends because I have epilepsy
1
2
3
4
14.6 I care what people think of me when they saw me
having a seizure.
1
2
3
4
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