Pearce LA. Warfarin safety and efficacy in patients with thoracic aortic plaque and
atrial fibrillation. SPAF TEE Investigators. Stroke Prevention and Atrial Fibrillation.
Transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:453 – 455, A9.
511. Dressler FA, Craig WR, Castello R, Labovitz AJ. Mobile aortic atheroma and sys-
temic emboli: efficacy of anticoagulation and influence of plaque morphology on
recurrent stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:134 – 138.
512. Tunick PA, Nayar AC, Goodkin GM, Mirchandani S, Francescone S, Rosenzweig BP,
Freedberg RS, Katz ES, Applebaum RM, Kronzon I. Effect of treatment on the inci-
dence of stroke and other emboli in 519 patients with severe thoracic aortic plaque.
Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1320 – 1325.
513. Di Tullio MR, Russo C, Jin Z, Sacco RL, Mohr JP, Homma S. Aortic arch plaques and
risk of recurrent stroke and death. Circulation 2009;119:2376 – 2382.
514. Zabalgoitia M, Halperin JL, Pearce LA, Blackshear JL, Asinger RW, Hart RG. Trans-
esophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in
nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1622 – 1626.
515. Camm AJ, Kirchhof P, Lip GY, Schotten U, Savelieva I, Ernst S, Van Gelder IC,
Al-Attar N, Hindricks G, Prendergast B, Heidbuchel H, Alfieri O, Angelini A,
Atar D, Colonna P, De Caterina R, De Sutter J, Goette A, Gorenek B, Heldal M,
Hohloser SH, Kolh P, Le Heuzey JY, Ponikowski P, Rutten FH. Guidelines for the
management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fib-
rillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010;31:
2369 – 2429.
516. Pitsavos CE, Aggeli KI, Barbetseas JD, Skoumas IN, Lambrou SG, Frogoudaki AA,
Stefanadis CI, Toutouzas PK. Effects of pravastatin on thoracic aortic atheroscler-
osis in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1998;
82:1484 – 1488.
517. Lima JA, Desai MY, Steen H, Warren WP, Gautam S, Lai S. Statin-induced choles-
terol lowering and plaque regression after 6 months of magnetic resonance
imaging-monitored therapy. Circulation 2004;110:2336 – 2341.
518. Tahara N, Kai H, Ishibashi M, Nakaura H, Kaida H, Baba K, Hayabuchi N, Imaizumi T.
Simvastatin attenuates plaque inflammation: evaluation by fluorodeoxyglucose
positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1825 – 1831.
519. Stern A, Tunick PA, Culliford AT, Lachmann J, Baumann FG, Kanchuger MS,
Marschall K, Shah A, Grossi E, Kronzon I. Protruding aortic arch atheromas: risk
of stroke during heart surgery with and without aortic arch endarterectomy. Am
Heart J 1999;138:746 – 752.
520. Laperche T, Laurian C, Roudaut R, Steg PG. Mobile thromboses of the aortic arch
without aortic debris. A transesophageal echocardiographic finding associated
with unexplained arterial embolism. The Filiale Echocardiographie de la Societe
Francaise de Cardiologie. Circulation 1997;96:288 – 294.
521. Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, Miller DC, Moses JW, Svensson LG, Tuzcu EM,
Webb JG, Fontana GP, Makkar RR, Brown DL, Block PC, Guyton RA,
Pichard AD, Bavaria JE, Herrmann HC, Douglas PS, Petersen JL, Akin JJ,
Anderson WN, Wang D, Pocock S. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for
aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med 2010;363:
1597 – 1607.
522. Sagban AT, Grotemeyer D, Rehbein H, Sandmann W, Duran M, Balzer KM,
Grabitz K. [Occlusive aortic disease as coral reef aorta: experience in 80 cases].
Zentralbl Chir 2010;135:438 – 444.
523. Holfeld J, Gottardi R, Zimpfer D, Dorfmeister M, Dumfarth J, Funovics M,
Schoder M, Weigang E, Lammer J, Wolner E, Czerny M, Grimm M. Treatment of
symptomatic coral reef aorta by endovascular stent-graft placement. Ann Thorac
Surg 2008;85:1817 – 1819.
524. Evans JM, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and
dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study. Ann Intern
Med 1995;122:502 – 507.
525. Arend WP, Michel BA, Bloch DA, Hunder GG, Calabrese LH, Edworthy SM,
Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW Jr., Masi AT, McShane DJ, Mills JA,
Stevens MB, Wallace SL, Zvaifler NJ. The American College of Rheumatology
1990 criteria for the classification of Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33:
1129 – 1134.
526. The International Study Group for Behcet’s disease. Evaluation of diagnostic (’clas-
sification’) criteria in Behcet’s disease: towards internationally agreed criteria. Br J
Rheumatol 1992;31:299 – 308.
527. Goie The HS, Steven MM, van der Linden SM, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic cri-
teria for ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison of the Rome, New York and modified
New York criteria in patients with a positive clinical history screening test for an-
kylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol 1985;24:242 – 249.
528. Gornik HL, Creager MA. Aortitis. Circulation 2008;117:3039 – 3051.
529. Pipitone N, Versari A, Salvarani C. Role of imaging studies in the diagnosis and
follow-up of large-vessel vasculitis: an update. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:
403 – 408.
530. Restrepo CS, Ocazionez D, Suri R, Vargas D. Aortitis: imaging spectrum of the in-
fectious and inflammatory conditions of the aorta. Radiographics 2011;31:435 – 451.
531. James OG, Christensen JD, Wong TZ, Borges-Neto S, Koweek LM. Utility of FDG
PET/CT in inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Radiographics 2011;31:1271 – 1286.
532. Gravanis MB. Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu aortitis: morphologic, pathogenetic
and etiologic factors. Int J Cardiol 2000;75 Suppl 1:S21 – S33; discussion S35 – S36.
533. Lane SE, Watts R, Scott DG. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep
2005;7:270 – 275.
534. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, Hunder GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell
arteritis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:261 – 271.
535. Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Clark TM, Hoffman GS. Limitations of therapy and a
guarded prognosis in an American cohort of Takayasu arteritis patients. Arthritis
Rheum 2007;56:1000 – 1009.
536. Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB, Guillevin L, Stone JH, Schousboe J, Cohen P,
Calabrese LH, Dickler H, Merkel PA, Fortin P, Flynn JA, Locker GA, Easley KA,
Schned
E,
Hunder
GG,
Sneller
MC,
Tuggle
C,
Swanson
H,
Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Lopez-Soto A, Bork D, Hoffman DB, Kalunian K,
Klashman D, Wilke WS, Scheetz RJ, Mandell BF, Fessler BJ, Kosmorsky G,
Prayson R, Luqmani RA, Nuki G, McRorie E, Sherrer Y, Baca S, Walsh B,
Ferland D, Soubrier M, Choi HK, Gross W, Segal AM, Ludivico C, Puechal X. A mul-
ticenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant metho-
trexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1309 – 1318.
537. Fava MP, Foradori GB, Garcia CB, Cruz FO, Aguilar JG, Kramer AS, Valdes FE. Per-
cutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with Takayasu arteritis: five-year ex-
perience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993;4:649 – 652.
538. Fernandez Guerrero ML, Aguado JM, Arribas A, Lumbreras C, de Gorgolas M. The
spectrum of cardiovascular infections due to Salmonella enterica: a review of clinical
features and factors determining outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004;83:123– 138.
539. Both M, Aries PM, Muller-Hulsbeck S, Jahnke T, Schafer PJ, Gross WL, Heller M,
Reuter M. Balloon angioplasty of arteries of the upper extremities in patients
with extracranial giant-cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1124 – 1130.
540. Hunder GG, Bloch DA, Michel BA, Stevens MB, Arend WP, Calabrese LH,
Edworthy SM, Fauci AS, Leavitt RY, Lie JT, Lightfoot RW Jr., Masi AT,
McShane DJ, Mills JA, Wallace SL, Zvaifler NJ. The American College of Rheuma-
tology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum
1990;33:1122 – 1128.
ESC Guidelines
2926g
541. Thalheimer A, Fein M, Geissinger E, Franke S. Intimal angiosarcoma of the aorta:
report of a case and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg 2004;40:548 – 553.
542. Rusthoven C, Shames ML, Bui MM, Gonzalez RJ. High – grade undifferentiated
pleomorphic sarcoma of the aortic arch: a case of endovascular therapy for
embolic prophylaxis and review of the literature. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2010;
44:385 – 391.
543. Genoni M, Paul M, Jenni R, Graves K, Seifert B, Turina M. Chronic beta – blocker
therapy improves outcome and reduces treatment costs in chronic type B aortic
dissection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;19:606 – 610.
544. Suzuki T, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, Pyeritz RE, Eagle KA, Tsai TT, Cooper JV,
Januzzi JL Jr., Braverman AC, Montgomery DG, Fattori R, Pape L, Harris KM,
Booher A, Oh JK, Peterson M, Ramanath VS, Froehlich JB. Type – selective benefits
of medications in treatment of acute aortic dissection (from the International Regis-
try of Acute Aortic Dissection [IRAD]). Am J Cardiol 2012;109:122 – 127.
545. Brooke BS, Habashi JP, Judge DP, Patel N, Loeys B, Dietz HC 3rd. Angiotensin II
blockade and aortic – root dilation in Marfan’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 2008;358:
2787 – 2795.
546. Jia X, Guo W, Li TX, Guan S, Yang RM, Liu XP, Zhang MH, Xiong J. The results of
stent graft versus medication therapy for chronic type B dissection. J Vasc Surg
2013;57:406 – 414.
547. Czerny M, Zimpfer D, Rodler S, Funovics M, Dorfmeister M, Schoder M, Marta G,
Weigang E, Gottardi R, Lammer J, Wolner E, Grimm M. Endovascular stent – graft
placement of aneurysms involving the descending aorta originating from chronic
type B dissections. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:1635 – 1639.
548. Thrumurthy SG, Karthikesalingam A, Patterson BO, Holt PJ, Hinchliffe RJ, Loftus IM,
Thompson MM. A systematic review of mid – term outcomes of thoracic endovas-
cular repair (TEVAR) of chronic type B aortic dissection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg
2011;42:632 – 647.
549. Eggebrecht H, Schmermund A, von Birgelen C, Naber CK, Bartel T, Wenzel RR,
Erbel R. Resistant hypertension in patients with chronic aortic dissection. J Hum
Hypertens 2005;19:227 – 231.
550. Eggebrecht H, Zenge M, Ladd ME, Erbel R, Quick HH. In vitro evaluation of current
thoracic aortic stent-grafts for real-time MR-guided placement. J Endovasc Ther
2006;13:62 – 71.
ESC Guidelines
2926h