Definition of Critical Thinking
Multiple definitions for Critical Thinking have been provided throughout the years. It is worth
mentioning that reaching a consensus on a standard definition of Critical Thinking is unfeasible.
Throughout the years, the definition of this construct has evolved according to specific conditions
and contexts. This characteristic makes Critical Thinking a malleable and prolific field in terms of
definitions, applications, methods, and research. Definitions guiding this study attend to the
contributions that apply to Critical Thinking in EFL contexts.
Paul, 1991 provided an initial definition for Critical Thinking. Paul stated that Critical Thinking is
the intellectually disciplined process of actively conceptualizing, applying, analyzing,
synthesizing, and evaluating information generated by observation, experience, reflection,
reasoning, and communication. From this standpoint, Critical Thinking becomes a guide to
knowledge and action. Paul, 1991 believes that Critical Thinking is based on intellectual values
that transcend the sciences' divisions to explain phenomena with clarity, precision, consistency,
relevance, evidence, reasoning, depth, and fairness. Also, Critical Thinking implies the
competence individuals possess to examine structures and elements of thought implicit in various
purposes that involve logic, problem-solving, conceptualizing, analyzing consequences and
implications, assessing points of view, and creating frames of reference. Critical Thinking also
adapts itself to giving answers to various questions and purposes by creating a network of thought.
Ennis, 1995 defined Critical Thinking as "reasonably reflective thinking focuses on deciding what
to believe or do." Critical Thinking encourages individuals to learn how to evaluate situations,
draw inferences, and arrive at conclusions based on the evidence they get from the reality around
them. Hatcher, 2000 asserted that Critical Thinking is that sort of thought that intends to reach the
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Adriana Ximena Cundar Ruano
judgment of an issue only after evaluating all the alternatives, arguments, and available evidence
related to a fact. Fisher, 2001 cited that Critical Thinking implies building knowledge actively,
persistently, and carefully in the light of foundations that underpin further conclusions.
The definitions above generate assumptions with substantial implications for the teaching and
learning of a foreign language. EFL teachers using Critical Thinking in their classrooms encourage
students to engage in an active process that involves several phases, resulting in new and
meaningful knowledge. Indeed, students can apply Critical Thinking strategies to content in any
field of expertise. However, when learning a new language, essential thinking applications are
manifold since language is the means to communicate and convey information. In this sense, EFL
students can use Critical Thinking to elaborate on the contents presented in class, comment,
question, analyze, evaluate, create, modify, reframe, or relate information. Thus, teaching a foreign
language can undoubtedly benefit from Critical Thinking principles by including activities that
require students to challenge themselves and activities that require deep reasoning and creativity.
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